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[[File:Psilocybe semilanceata 6514.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe semilanceata]]'']]
'''Psilocybin mushrooms''', commonly known as '''magic mushrooms''' or '''shrooms''', are a [[polyphyletic]] informal group of [[mushroom|fungi]] that contain [[psilocybin]], which turns into [[psilocin]] upon ingestion. Biological [[genera]] containing psilocybin mushrooms include ''[[Psilocybe]]'', ''[[Panaeolus]]'' (including ''[[Copelandia]]''), ''[[Inocybe]]'', ''[[Pluteus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus]]'', and ''[[Pholiotina]]''.
Amongst other cultural applications, psilocybin mushrooms are used as [[recreational drug]]s. They may be depicted in [[Stone Age]] rock art in Africa and Europe, but are more certainly represented in {{nowrap|[[pre-Columbian]]}} sculptures and glyphs seen throughout the Americas.
==History==
{{Main|Psilocybin#History}}Psilocybin mushrooms have been{{When|date=October 2023}} and continue to be used in [[Mexico|Mexican]] and [[Central America|Central American]] cultures in religious, [[divinatory]], or [[Spirituality|spiritual]] contexts.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" />{{Failed verification|date=October 2023}}
===Early===
[[File:Psilocybe Mushrooms statues.jpg|thumb|Pre-Columbian mushroom stones]]
[[Rock art]] from {{Circa|9000–7000 [[BCE]]}} from [[Tassili]], [[Algeria]], is believed to depict [[psychedelic mushrooms]] and the transformation of the user under their influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samorini |first1=Giorgio |date=1992 |title=The oldest representations of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the world (Sahara Desert, 9000-7000 BP) |url=https://www.academia.edu/79946409 |journal=Integration. Zeitschrift für geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur. |volume=2/3 |pages=69–75 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Prehistoric rock art near [[Villar del Humo]] in Spain suggests that ''[[Psilocybe hispanica]]'' was used in religious [[ritual]]s 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akers |first1=Brian P. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Juan Francisco |last3=Piper |first3=Alan |last4=Ruck |first4=Carl A. P. |date=2011 |title=A Prehistoric Mural in Spain Depicting Neurotropic Psilocybe Mushrooms?1 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.1007/s12231-011-9152-5 |s2cid=3955222}}</ref> The [[hallucinogen]]ic<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abuse |first=National Institute on Drug |date=April 22, 2019 |title=Hallucinogens DrugFacts |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226025542/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=December 27, 2020 |website=National Institute on Drug Abuse}}</ref> species of the [[Psilocybe]] genus have a history of use among the native peoples of [[Mesoamerica]] for religious communion, divination, and healing, from [[pre-Columbian]] times to the present day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=F.J. Carod-Artal |date=January 1, 2015 |title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures |journal=Neurología (English Edition) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010 |pmid=21893367 |doi-access=}}</ref> Mushroom stones and motifs have been found in [[Guatemala]].<ref name="Stametspg11">[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]], p. 11.</ref> A statuette dating from {{Circa|200 CE|lk=off}} depicting a mushroom strongly resembling ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'' was found in the west Mexican state of Colima in a [[shaft and chamber tomb]]. A ''Psilocybe'' species known to the [[Aztecs]] as ''teōnanācatl'' (literally "divine mushroom": the agglutinative form of ''teōtl'' (god, sacred) and ''nanācatl'' (mushroom) in [[Nahuatl language]]) was reportedly served at the coronation of the [[Aztec]] ruler [[Moctezuma II]] in 1502. Aztecs and [[Mazatec]]s referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms when translated into English.<ref>[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]], p. 7.</ref> [[Bernardino de Sahagún]] reported the ritualistic use of ''teonanácatl'' by the Aztecs when he traveled to Central America after the expedition of [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref name="Hofmann 1980" />
After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the cultural tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs as idolaters, and the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, together with other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed.<ref name="Stametspg11" /> The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and others to communicate with demons. Despite this history, the use of ''teonanácatl'' has persisted in some remote areas.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" />
===Modern===
[[File:Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe allenii]]'']]
The first mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in European medicinal literature was in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: A man served ''Psilocybe semilanceata'' mushrooms he had picked for breakfast in London's [[Green Park]] to his family. The apothecary who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him."<ref name="Brande 1799" />[[File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'']]
In 1955, [[Valentina Pavlovna Wasson]] and [[R. Gordon Wasson]] became the first known European Americans to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their experience, even publishing an article on their experiences in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' on May 13, 1957.<ref name="Wasson 1957" /> In 1956, [[Roger Heim]] identified the psychoactive mushroom the Wassons brought back from Mexico as ''Psilocybe'',<ref name="Heim 1957" /> and in 1958, [[Albert Hofmann]] first identified [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]] as the active compounds in these mushrooms.<ref name="Hofmann 1958" /><ref name="Hofmann 1958b" />
Inspired by the Wassons' ''Life'' article, [[Timothy Leary]] traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms himself. When he returned to [[Harvard]] in 1960, he and [[Richard Alpert]] started the [[Harvard Psilocybin Project]], promoting psychological and religious studies of psilocybin and other [[psychedelic drug]]s. Alpert and Leary sought to conduct research with psilocybin on prisoners in the 1960s, testing its effects on [[recidivism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1999 |title=Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-Up Study |url=https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html |url-status=live |journal=Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=10–18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323204408/https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> This experiment reviewed the subjects six months later, and found that the recidivism rate had decreased beyond their expectation, below 40%. This, and another experiment administering psilocybin to graduate divinity students, showed controversy. Shortly after Leary and Alpert were dismissed from their jobs by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the [[psychedelic experience]] to the nascent [[hippie]] [[counterculture]].<ref name="Lattin 2010" />
The popularization of [[entheogens]] by the Wassons, Leary, [[Terence McKenna]], [[Robert Anton Wilson]], and many others led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the world. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating large quantities of ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' were also published. The availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made them one of the most widely used psychedelic drugs.
At present, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from central Mexico to [[Oaxaca]], including groups of [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]], [[Mixtecs]], [[Mixe people|Mixe]], [[Mazatec]]s, [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotecs]], and others.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" /> An important figure of mushroom usage in Mexico was [[María Sabina]],<ref name="Monaghan 2000" /> who used native mushrooms, such as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'' in her practice.
==Occurrence==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Natural occurrence}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Non-''Psilocybe'' species of psilocybin mushroom include ''[[Pluteus salicinus]]'' (left), ''[[Gymnopilus luteoviridis]]'' (center), and ''[[Panaeolus cinctulus]]'', formerly called ''Panaeolus subbalteatus'' (right)
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In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, [[Gastón Guzmán]] and colleagues considered these distributed among the following [[genus|genera]]: ''[[Psilocybe]]'' (116 species), ''[[Gymnopilus]]'' (14), ''[[Panaeolus]]'' (13), ''[[Copelandia]]'' (12), ''[[Pluteus]]'' (6) ''[[Inocybe]]'' (6), ''[[Pholiotina]]'' (4) and ''[[Galerina]]'' (1).<ref name="Guzmán 2000" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gotvaldova |first1=Klara |last2=Borovicka |first2=Jan |last3=Hajkova |first3=Katerina |last4=Cihlarova |first4=Petra |last5=Rockefeller |first5=Alan |last6=Kuchar |first6=Martin |year=2022 |title=Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=23 |issue=22 |pages=14068 |doi=10.3390/ijms232214068 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=9693126 |pmid=36430546 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing ''Psilocybe'' to 144 species in a 2005 review.
[[File:Pschoactive Psilocybe distribution.png|thumb|center|450px|Global distribution of 100+ psychoactive species of genus ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms<ref name="Guzmán 1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |year=1998 |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |url=http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto |volume=14 |page=207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref>]]
Many of them are found in Mexico (53 species), with the remainder distributed throughout Canada and the US (22), Europe (16), Asia (15), Africa (4), and Australia and associated islands (19).<ref name="Guzmán 2005" /> Generally, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, [[lamella (mycology)|gilled]] mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods in the [[subtropic]]s and tropics, usually in soils rich in [[humus]] and plant debris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wurst, M. |last2=Kysilka, R. |last3=Flieger, M. |year=2002 |title=Psychoactive tryptamines from Basidiomycetes |journal=Folia Microbiologica |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 [5] |doi=10.1007/BF02818560 |pmid=11980266 |s2cid=31056807}}</ref> Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents, but the majority of species are found in [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|subtropical humid forests]].<ref name="Guzmán 2000" /> ''[[Psilocybe cubensis|P. cubensis]]'' is the most common ''Psilocybe'' in tropical areas. ''[[Psilocybe semilanceata|P. semilanceata]]'', considered the world's most widely distributed psilocybin mushroom,<ref name="Guzmán 1983" /> is found in temperate parts of Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand, although it is absent from Mexico.<ref name="Guzmán 2005" />
==Composition==
Magic mushroom composition varies from genus to genus and species to species.<ref name="psychedelicreview1">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Chemical Composition Variability in Magic Mushrooms |url=https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818182434/https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/ |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> Its principal component is psilocybin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms drug profile |url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817140645/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction}}</ref> which is converted into [[psilocin]] to produce psychoactive effects.<ref name="Kuhn 2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Health |date=January 12, 2012 |title=Magic mushrooms – Canada.ca |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/magic-mushrooms.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051237/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/magic-mushrooms.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |access-date=December 20, 2017 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Besides psilocin, [[norpsilocin]], [[baeocystin]], [[norbaeocystin]], and [[aeruginascin]] may also be present, which can modify the effects of magic mushrooms.<ref name="psychedelicreview1" /> ''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]'', one species of magic mushroom, had the highest amount of psilocybin compared to the rest of the fruiting body.<ref name="psychedelicreview1" /> Certain mushrooms are found to produce beta-carbolines which inhibit monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down tryptamine alkaloids. They occur in different [[genera]], such as ''[[Psilocybe]]'',<ref name="pmid31729089">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blei F, Dörner S, Fricke J, Baldeweg F, Trottmann F, Komor A, Meyer F, Hertweck C, Hoffmeister D |date=January 2020 |title=Simultaneous Production of Psilocybin and a Cocktail of β-Carboline Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in 'Magic' Mushrooms |journal=[[Chemistry: A European Journal]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=729–734 |doi=10.1002/chem.201904363 |pmc=7003923 |pmid=31729089}}</ref>''[[Cyclocybe]]'',<ref name="pmid31150766">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krüzselyi D, Vetter J, Ott PG, Darcsi A, Béni S, Gömöry Á, Drahos L, Zsila F, Móricz ÁM |date=September 2019 |title=Isolation and structural elucidation of a novel brunnein-type antioxidant β-carboline alkaloid from Cyclocybe cylindracea |journal=[[Fitoterapia]] |volume=137 |pages=104180 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104180 |pmid=31150766 |s2cid=172137046}}</ref> and ''[[Hygrophorus]]''.<ref name="pmid18401852">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Teichert A, Lübken T, Schmidt J, Kuhnt C, Huth M, Porzel A, Wessjohann L, Arnold N |date=2008 |title=Determination of beta-carboline alkaloids in fruiting bodies of Hygrophorus spp. by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry |journal=[[Phytochemical Analysis]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=335–41 |doi=10.1002/pca.1057 |pmid=18401852}}</ref> Harmine, harmane, norharmane and a range of other l-tryptophan-derived {{Nowrap|β-carbolines}} were discovered in ''Psilocybe'' species.
==Effects==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Pharmacology}}
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|Despite risks, mushrooms do much less damage in the UK than other recreational drugs.]]
{{Multiple image
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The effects of psilocybin mushrooms come from psilocybin and psilocin. When psilocybin is ingested, it is broken down by the liver in a process called [[dephosphorylation]]. The resulting compound is called psilocin, responsible for the [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] effects.<ref name="Passie 2002" /> [[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]] create short-term increases in tolerance of users, thus making it difficult to misuse them because the more often they are taken within a short period, the weaker the resultant effects are.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Psilocybin Fast Facts |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs6/6038/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512174358/http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs6/6038/index.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2007 |publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]}}</ref> Psilocybin mushrooms have not been known to cause physical or psychological [[drug dependence|dependence]] (addiction).<ref name="Amsterdam 2011" /> The psychedelic effects appear around 20 minutes after ingestion and can last up to 6 hours. Physical effects may occur, including nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination.
As with many psychedelic substances, the effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably among individual users. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last from three to eight hours, depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The first 3–4 hours after ingestion are typically referred to as the 'peak'—in which the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects can seem to last much longer for the user because of psilocybin's ability to alter time perception.<ref name="Wittmann 2007" />
===Sensory===
Sensory effects include visual and auditory hallucinations followed by emotional changes and altered perception of time and space.<ref name="golden">{{Cite book |last=Schultes |first=Richard Evans |url=https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68 |title=Hallucinogenic Plants |publisher=[[Western Publishing|Golden Press]] |others=Illustrated by Elmer W. Smith |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-307-24362-1 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68 68] |author-link=Richard Evans Schultes}}</ref> Noticeable changes to the auditory, visual, and tactile senses may become apparent around 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion, although effects may take up to two hours to take place. These shifts in perception visually include enhancement and contrasting of colors, strange light phenomena (such as auras or "halos" around light sources), increased visual acuity, surfaces that seem to ripple, shimmer, or breathe; complex open and closed eye visuals of [[form constant]]s or images, objects that warp, morph, or change solid colors; a sense of melting into the environment, and [[Afterimage|trails behind moving objects]]. Sounds may seem to have increased clarity—music, for example, can take on a profound sense of cadence and depth.<ref name=golden/> Some users experience [[synesthesia]], wherein they perceive, for example, a visualization of color upon hearing a particular sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ballesteros, S. |title=New Research on Street Drugs |last2=Ramón, M.F. |last3=Iturralde, M.J. |last4=Martínez-Arrieta, R. |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59454-961-8 |editor-last=Cole, S.M. |page=175 |chapter=Natural Sources of Drugs of Abuse: Magic Mushrooms |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Emotional===
As with other [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] such as [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], the experience, or 'trip,' is strongly dependent upon [[set and setting]].<ref name=golden/> Hilarity, lack of concentration, and muscular relaxation (including [[dilated pupils]]) are all normal effects, sometimes in the same trip.<ref name=golden/> A negative environment could contribute to a [[bad trip]], whereas a comfortable and familiar environment would set the stage for a pleasant experience. Psychedelics make experiences more intense, so if a person enters a trip in an anxious state of mind, they will likely experience heightened anxiety on their trip. Many users find it preferable to ingest the mushrooms with friends or people familiar with 'tripping.'<ref name="Stamets">[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]]</ref> The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a large dose. In addition to the risks associated with the ingestion of psilocybin, individuals who seek to use psilocybin mushrooms also risk poisoning if one of the wide varieties of poisonous mushrooms is confused with a psilocybin mushroom.<ref name="DoJ">{{Cite web |title=Psilocybin Fast Facts |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503110944/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/ |archive-date=May 3, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |publisher=National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
==Dosage==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Pharmacokinetics}}
[[File:Cubensis shrooms.jpg|thumb|A bag of 1.5 grams of dried psilocybe cubensis mushrooms]]
The dosage of mushrooms containing psilocybin depends on the psilocybin and psilocin content, which can vary significantly between and within the same species but is typically around 0.5–2.0% of the dried weight of the mushroom.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Laussmann |first1=Tim |last2=Meier-Giebing |first2=Sigrid |date=2010 |title=Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulisForsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004927 |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=160–164|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013 |pmid=20047807 }}</ref> Usual doses of the common species ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' range around 1.0 to 2.5 g, while about 2.5 to 5.0 g dried mushroom material is considered a strong dose.<ref name="erowiddosage">{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml|title=Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage|access-date=2006-11-26|publisher=Erowid|year=2006|author=Erowid|format=shtml|archive-date=December 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140805/https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Above 5 g is often considered a heavy dose, with 5.0 grams of dried mushroom often being referred to as a "heroic dose".<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 2000 |title=Terence McKenna's Last Trip |work=Wired Magazine |agency=Condé Nast Publications |url=https://www.wired.com/2000/05/mckenna/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314133905/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.05/mckenna.html |archive-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jesso |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90 |title=Decomposing The Shadow: Lessons From The Psilocybin Mushroom |date=June 13, 2013 |publisher=SoulsLantern Publishing |isbn=978-0-9919435-0-0 |page=90 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183147/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90#v=snippet&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
The concentration of active psilocybin mushroom compounds varies from species to species but also from mushroom to mushroom within a given species, [[subspecies]] or [[variety (botany)|variety]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bigwood J, Beug MW |year=1982 |title=Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of ''Psilocybe cubensis'' (Earle) Singer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9 |pmid=7201054}}</ref> The species ''[[Psilocybe azurescens]]'' contains the most psilocybin (up to 1.78%).
==Toxicology==
The species within the most commonly foraged and ingested genus of psilocybin mushrooms, the [[psilocybe]], contains two primary hallucinogenic toxins; [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kosentka | first1=Pawel | title=Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi. | journal=PLOS ONE | year=2013 | volume=8 | issue=5 | pages=e64646 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064646 | pmid=23717644 | pmc=3662758 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...864646K | doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[median lethal dose]], also known as “LD50”, of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maryadele |first=O’Neil |date=2006 |title=The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals |publisher=Merck Research Laboratories |isbn=978-0911910001}}</ref>
From a toxicological profile, it would be incredibly difficult to [[overdose]] on psilocybin mushrooms, given their primary toxin compounds. To consume such massive amounts of psilocybin, one must ingest more than {{val|1.2|u=kg}} of dried ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' given 1-2% of the dried mushroom contains psilocybin.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/>
Posing a more realistic threat than a lethal overdose, significantly elevated levels of psilocin can overstimulate the [[5-HT2A]] receptors in the brain, causing acute [[serotonin syndrome]].<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{cite journal | last1=Chilton | first1=Scott | last2=Bigwood | first2=Jeremy | title=Chilton, W. Scott, Jeremy Bigwood, and Robert E. Jensen. "Psilocin, bufotenine, and serotonin: historical and biosynthetic observations. | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | year=1979 | volume=11.1 | issue=2 | pages=61–69 | doi=10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | pmid=392119 | access-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224044723/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | url-status=live }}</ref> A 2015 study observed that a dose of 200 mg/kg psilocin induced symptoms of acute serotonin poisoning in mice.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zhuk | first1=Olga | title=Research on acute toxicity and the behavioral effects of methanolic extract from psilocybin mushrooms and psilocin in mice | journal=Toxins | year=2015 | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=1018–1029 | doi=10.3390/toxins7041018 | pmid=25826052 | pmc=4417952 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[Neurotoxicity]]-induced fatal events are uncommon with psilocybin mushroom overdose, as most patients admitted to critical care are released from the department only requiring moderate treatment.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/> However, fatal events related to emotional distress and trip-induced psychosis can occur as a result of over-consumption of psilocybin mushrooms. In 2003, a 27-year-old man was found dead in an irrigation canal due to hypothermia. In his bedroom was found two cultivation pots of psilocybin mushrooms, but no report of toxicology was made.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lima | first1=Afonso DL | title=Poisonous mushrooms; a review of the most common intoxications. | url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3092/309226786009.pdf | journal=Nutricion Hospitalaria | year=2012 | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=402–408 | doi=10.3305/nh.2012.27.2.5328 | pmid=22732961 | access-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224045024/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3092/309226786009.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
== Clinical research ==
Due partly to restrictions of the [[Controlled Substances Act]], research in the United States was limited until the early 21st century when psilocybin mushrooms were tested for their potential to treat [[drug dependence]], [[anxiety]] and [[mood disorder]]s.<ref name="bui">{{Cite journal |last1=Bui |first1=Eric |last2=King |first2=Franklin |last3=Melaragno |first3=Andrew |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in the 21st century: A call for novel approaches (Review) |journal=General Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=e100136 |doi=10.1136/gpsych-2019-100136 |pmc=6936967 |pmid=31922087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doblin |first1=Richard E. |last2=Christiansen |first2=Merete |last3=Jerome |first3=Lisa |last4=Burge |first4=Brad |date=2019-03-15 |title=The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472 |pmid=31132970 |s2cid=167220251 |issn=0279-1072|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2018–19, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) granted [[Breakthrough Therapy Designation]] for studies of psilocybin in [[Major depressive disorder|depressive disorders.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2019 |title=FDA grants Breakthrough Therapy Designation to Usona Institute's psilocybin program for major depressive disorder |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191122005452/en/FDA-grants-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-to-Usona-Institutes-psilocybin-program-for-major-depressive-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026141228/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191122005452/en/FDA-grants-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-to-Usona-Institutes-psilocybin-program-for-major-depressive-disorder |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=Business Wire}}</ref>
==Legality==
{{Main|Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms}}
The legality of the cultivation, possession, and sale of psilocybin mushrooms and psilocybin and psilocin varies from country to country.
After Oregon Measure 109, in 2020, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use. However, selling psilocybin without being licensed may still attract fines or imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_109,_Psilocybin_Mushroom_Services_Program_Initiative_(2020) | title=Oregon Measure 109, Psilocybin Mushroom Services Program Initiative (2020) | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Nov 3, 2020 | website=ballotpedia.org | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031150/https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_109,_Psilocybin_Mushroom_Services_Program_Initiative_(2020) | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 [[Colorado]] legalized consumption, growing, and sharing for personal use,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Jennifer |date=10 November 2022 |title=Colorado becomes second state to legalize "magic mushrooms" |url=http://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/ |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=The Colorado Sun |language=en-US |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110005912/https://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though sales are prohibited while regulations are being drafted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922732/a-gray-market-emerges-in-colorado-after-voters-approved-psychedelic-substances |title=A gray market emerges in Colorado after voters approved psychedelic substances |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705043727/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922732/a-gray-market-emerges-in-colorado-after-voters-approved-psychedelic-substances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Proposition_122,_Decriminalization_and_Regulated_Access_Program_for_Certain_Psychedelic_Plants_and_Fungi_Initiative_(2022) | title=Colorado Proposition 122, Decriminalization and Regulated Access Program for Certain Psychedelic Plants and Fungi Initiative (2022) | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Nov 8, 2022 | website=ballotpedia.org | access-date=July 5, 2023 | archive-date=July 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720205404/https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Proposition_122,_Decriminalization_and_Regulated_Access_Program_for_Certain_Psychedelic_Plants_and_Fungi_Initiative_(2022) | url-status=live }}</ref> Other jurisdictions in the United States where psilocybin mushrooms are decriminalized include Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan; Oakland and Santa Cruz, California; Easthampton, Somerville, Northampton, and Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, DC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/ | title=Is It Legal to Buy Mushroom Spores Online? | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Dec 5, 2022 | website=pnwspore.com | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031215/https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
Furthermore, buying spores of mushroom species containing psilocybin online in the United States is legal in all states except Georgia, Idaho and California.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sporestock.com/faq | title=Frequently Asked Questions | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Jul 2, 2022 | website=sporestock.com | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031314/https://sporestock.com/faq | url-status=live }}</ref> This is because fruiting mushrooms and mycelium contain psilocybin, a federally banned substance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf | title=Psilocybin Drug Fact Sheet | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=April 21, 2020 | website=dea.gov | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031400/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> A technical caveat to consider, however, is that the distributed spores must not be intended to be used for cultivation, but allowed for microscopy purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf | title=COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN PUBLISHED OPINION | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=June 21, 2007 | website=wicourts.gov | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=March 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032714/https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
===United Nations===
{{Main|Convention on Psychotropic Substances}}
[[File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg|thumb|right|Article 32 makes an exception for psilocybin mushroom and other wild psychotropic plants, to protect use in religious rituals in case such plants themselves were in the future added to Schedule I.]]
Internationally, [[mescaline]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[psilocin]], are Schedule I drugs under the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]]. The Commentary on the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] notes, however, that the plants containing them are not subject to international control:<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html |title=DMT – UN report |publisher=MAPS |date=2001-03-31 |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121083150/http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html |archivedate=January 21, 2012 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
''"The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention... Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the [[Peyote]] cactus nor the roots of the plant [[Mimosa hostilis]] nor [[Psilocybin mushrooms|''Psilocybe'' mushrooms]] themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principals, [[mescaline]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[psilocin]]."''
</blockquote>
==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
* [[Psilocybin]]
* [[List of psilocybin mushroom species]]
* [[List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals]]
* [[Mushroom tea]]
* [[Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States]]
* [[Stoned ape theory]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist|refs=
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<ref name="Brande 1799">{{Cite journal |last=Brande E. |year=1799 |title=Mr. E. Brande, on a poisonous species of Agaric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41 |journal=The Medical and Physical Journal: Containing the Earliest Information on Subjects of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Chemistry, and Natural History |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=41–44 |pmc=5659401 |pmid=30490162 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183250/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 1983">{{Cite book |last=Guzmán, G. |title=The Genus ''Psilocybe'': A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution, and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species |publisher=J. Cramer |year=1983 |isbn=978-3-7682-5474-8 |series=Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=74 |location=Vaduz, Liechtenstein |pages=361–2}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Guzmán, G. |last2=Allen, J.W. |last3=Gartz, J. |year=2000 |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto: Sezione Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali |volume=14 |pages=189–280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205032100/http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20%26%20C.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán, G. |year=2005 |title=Species diversity of the genus ''Psilocybe'' (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties |journal=International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=305–331 |doi=10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i12.280}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán G. |year=2008 |title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 |s2cid=22085876}}</ref>
<ref name="Heim 1957">{{Cite journal |last=Heim R. |year=1957 |title=Notes préliminaires sur les agarics hallucinogènes du Mexique |trans-title=Preliminary notes on the hallucination-producing agarics of Mexico |journal=Revue de Mycologie |language=fr |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=58–79}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1958">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hofmann A, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F |year=1958 |title=Konstitutionsaufklärung und Synthese von Psilocybin |trans-title=The composition and synthesis of psilocybin |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |language=de |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=397–399 |doi=10.1007/BF02160424 |pmid=13609599 |s2cid=33692940}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1958b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H |year=1958 |title=Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen Rauschpilz ''Psilocybe mexicana'' Heim |trans-title=Psilocybin, a psychotropic drug from the Mexican magic mushroom ''Psilocybe mexicana'' Heim |journal=Experientia |language=de |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=107–109 |doi=10.1007/BF02159243 |pmid=13537892 |s2cid=42898430}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1980">{{Cite book |last=Hofmann A. |title=LSD: My Problem Child |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-07-029325-0 |location=New York City |pages=49–71 |chapter=The Mexican relatives of LSD}}</ref>
<ref name="Kuhn 2003">{{Cite book |last1=Kuhn, Cynthia |url=https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn/page/83 |title=Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy |last2=Swartzwelder, Scott |last3=Wilson, Wilkie |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-32493-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn/page/83 83]}}</ref>
<ref name="Lattin 2010">{{Cite book |last=Lattin, Don |url=https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37 |title=The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil killed the fifties and ushered in a new age for America |publisher=HarperOne |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-165593-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37 37–44]}}</ref>
<ref name="Monaghan 2000">{{Cite book |last1=Monaghan, John D. |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165 |title=Ethnology |last2=Cohen, Jeffrey H. |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-292-70881-5 |editor-last=Monaghan, John |location=Austin, Texas |page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165 165] |chapter=Thirty years of Oaxacan ethnography |editor-last2=Edmonson, Barbara |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZxCCImjN-gC&pg=PA165}}</ref>
<ref name="Passie 2002">{{Cite journal |last1=Passie, T. |last2=Seifert, J. |last3=Schneider, und |last4=Emrich, H.M. |year=2002 |title=The pharmacology of psilocybin |journal=Addiction Biology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1080/1355621021000005937 |pmid=14578010 |s2cid=12656091}}</ref>
<ref name="Wasson 1957">{{Cite magazine |last=Wasson RG |year=1957 |title=Seeking the magic mushroom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100 |magazine=Life |issue=May 13 |pages=100–120 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Wittmann 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Wittmann, M. |last2=Carter, O. |last3=Hasler, F. |last4=Cahn, B.R. |last5=Grimberg, und |last6=Spring, P. |last7=Hell, D. |last8=Flohr, H. |last9=Vollenweider, F.X. |year=2007 |title=Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behavior in humans |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=50–64 |doi=10.1177/0269881106065859 |pmid=16714323 |s2cid=3165579}}</ref>
}}
== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allen, J.W. |title=Magic Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Raver Books and John W. Allen |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-58214-026-1 |location=Seattle}}
* {{Cite book |last=Estrada, A. |url=https://archive.org/details/marasabinaherl00estr |title=Maria Sabina: Her Life and Chants |publisher=Ross Erikson |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-915520-32-9}}
* Haze, Virginia & Dr. K. Mandrake, PhD. ''The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms''. Green Candy Press: Toronto, Canada, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-937866-28-0}}. www.greencandypress.com.
* {{Cite book |last=Högberg, O. |title=Flugsvampen och människan |year=2003 |publisher=Carlssons |isbn=978-91-7203-555-3 |language=sv}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kuhn, C. |url=https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn |title=Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy |last2=Swartzwelder, S |last3=Wilson, W. |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-32493-8 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Letcher, A. |title=Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-571-22770-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=McKenna, T. |title=Food of the Gods |publisher=Bantam |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-553-37130-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicholas, L.G. |title=Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation |last2=Ogame, K. |publisher=Quick American Archives |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-932551-71-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stamets, P. |title=Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-58008-175-7 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stamets, P. |title=The Mushroom Cultivator |last2=Chilton, J.S. |publisher=Agarikon Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2 |location=Olympia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stamets, P. |title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2 |location=Berkeley |ref=Stamets}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wasson, G.R. |title=The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-07-068443-0}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|magic mushroom}}
{{Drug use}}
{{Hallucinogenic tryptamines}}
{{Hallucinogenic mushrooms}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psilocybin Mushrooms}}
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Psilocybin]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
[[Category:Psychoactive fungi]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Mushrooms containing psychoactive indole alkaloids}}
{{Redirect|Magic mushroom}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Psilocybe semilanceata 6514.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe semilanceata]]'']]
'''Psilocybin mushrooms''', commonly known as '''magic mushrooms''' or '''shrooms''', are a [[polyphyletic]] informal group of [[mushroom|fungi]] that contain [[psilocybin]], which turns into [[psilocin]] upon ingestion. Biological [[genera]] containing psilocybin mushrooms include ''[[Psilocybe]]'', ''[[Panaeolus]]'' (including ''[[Copelandia]]''), ''[[Inocybe]]'', ''[[Pluteus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus]]'', and ''[[Pholiotina]]''.
Amongst other cultural applications, psilocybin mushrooms are used as [[recreational drug]]s. They may be depicted in [[Stone Age]] rock art in Africa and Europe, but are more certainly represented in {{nowrap|[[pre-Columbian]]}} sculptures and glyphs seen throughout the Americas.
==History==
{{Main|Psilocybin#History}}Psilocybin mushrooms have been{{When|date=October 2023}} and continue to be used in [[Mexico|Mexican]] and [[Central America|Central American]] cultures in religious, [[divinatory]], or [[Spirituality|spiritual]] contexts.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" />{{Failed verification|date=October 2023}}
===Early===
[[File:Psilocybe Mushrooms statues.jpg|thumb|Pre-Columbian mushroom stones]]
[[Rock art]] from {{Circa|9000–7000 [[BCE]]}} from [[Tassili]], [[Algeria]], is believed to make you poo poo [[psychedelic mushrooms]] and the transformation of the user under their influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samorini |first1=Giorgio |date=1992 |title=The oldest representations of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the world (Sahara Desert, 9000-7000 BP) |url=https://www.academia.edu/79946409 |journal=Integration. Zeitschrift für geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur. |volume=2/3 |pages=69–75 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Prehistoric rock art near [[Villar del Humo]] in Spain suggests that ''[[Psilocybe hispanica]]'' was used in religious [[ritual]]s 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akers |first1=Brian P. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Juan Francisco |last3=Piper |first3=Alan |last4=Ruck |first4=Carl A. P. |date=2011 |title=A Prehistoric Mural in Spain Depicting Neurotropic Psilocybe Mushrooms?1 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.1007/s12231-011-9152-5 |s2cid=3955222}}</ref> The [[hallucinogen]]ic<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abuse |first=National Institute on Drug |date=April 22, 2019 |title=Hallucinogens DrugFacts |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226025542/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=December 27, 2020 |website=National Institute on Drug Abuse}}</ref> species of the [[Psilocybe]] genus have a history of use among the native peoples of [[Mesoamerica]] for religious communion, divination, and healing, from [[pre-Columbian]] times to the present day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=F.J. Carod-Artal |date=January 1, 2015 |title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures |journal=Neurología (English Edition) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010 |pmid=21893367 |doi-access=}}</ref> Mushroom stones and motifs have been found in [[Guatemala]].<ref name="Stametspg11">[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]], p. 11.</ref> A statuette dating from {{Circa|200 CE|lk=off}} depicting a mushroom strongly resembling ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'' was found in the west Mexican state of Colima in a [[shaft and chamber tomb]]. A ''Psilocybe'' species known to the [[Aztecs]] as ''teōnanācatl'' (literally "divine mushroom": the agglutinative form of ''teōtl'' (god, sacred) and ''nanācatl'' (mushroom) in [[Nahuatl language]]) was reportedly served at the coronation of the [[Aztec]] ruler [[Moctezuma II]] in 1502. Aztecs and [[Mazatec]]s referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms when translated into English.<ref>[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]], p. 7.</ref> [[Bernardino de Sahagún]] reported the ritualistic use of ''teonanácatl'' by the Aztecs when he traveled to Central America after the expedition of [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref name="Hofmann 1980" />
After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the cultural tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs as idolaters, and the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, together with other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed.<ref name="Stametspg11" /> The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and others to communicate with demons. Despite this history, the use of ''teonanácatl'' has persisted in some remote areas.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" />
===Modern===
[[File:Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe allenii]]'']]
The first mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in European medicinal literature was in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: A man served ''Psilocybe semilanceata'' mushrooms he had picked for breakfast in London's [[Green Park]] to his family. The apothecary who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him."<ref name="Brande 1799" />[[File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'']]
In 1955, [[Valentina Pavlovna Wasson]] and [[R. Gordon Wasson]] became the first known European Americans to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their experience, even publishing an article on their experiences in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' on May 13, 1957.<ref name="Wasson 1957" /> In 1956, [[Roger Heim]] identified the psychoactive mushroom the Wassons brought back from Mexico as ''Psilocybe'',<ref name="Heim 1957" /> and in 1958, [[Albert Hofmann]] first identified [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]] as the active compounds in these mushrooms.<ref name="Hofmann 1958" /><ref name="Hofmann 1958b" />
Inspired by the Wassons' ''Life'' article, [[Timothy Leary]] traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms himself. When he returned to [[Harvard]] in 1960, he and [[Richard Alpert]] started the [[Harvard Psilocybin Project]], promoting psychological and religious studies of psilocybin and other [[psychedelic drug]]s. Alpert and Leary sought to conduct research with psilocybin on prisoners in the 1960s, testing its effects on [[recidivism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1999 |title=Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-Up Study |url=https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html |url-status=live |journal=Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=10–18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323204408/https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> This experiment reviewed the subjects six months later, and found that the recidivism rate had decreased beyond their expectation, below 40%. This, and another experiment administering psilocybin to graduate divinity students, showed controversy. Shortly after Leary and Alpert were dismissed from their jobs by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the [[psychedelic experience]] to the nascent [[hippie]] [[counterculture]].<ref name="Lattin 2010" />
The popularization of [[entheogens]] by the Wassons, Leary, [[Terence McKenna]], [[Robert Anton Wilson]], and many others led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the world. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating large quantities of ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' were also published. The availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made them one of the most widely used psychedelic drugs.
At present, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from central Mexico to [[Oaxaca]], including groups of [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]], [[Mixtecs]], [[Mixe people|Mixe]], [[Mazatec]]s, [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotecs]], and others.<ref name="Guzmán 2008" /> An important figure of mushroom usage in Mexico was [[María Sabina]],<ref name="Monaghan 2000" /> who used native mushrooms, such as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'' in her practice.
==Occurrence==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Natural occurrence}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Non-''Psilocybe'' species of psilocybin mushroom include ''[[Pluteus salicinus]]'' (left), ''[[Gymnopilus luteoviridis]]'' (center), and ''[[Panaeolus cinctulus]]'', formerly called ''Panaeolus subbalteatus'' (right)
| align = right
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| image2 = Gymnopilus luteoviridis.jpg
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| image3 = Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg
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}}
In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, [[Gastón Guzmán]] and colleagues considered these distributed among the following [[genus|genera]]: ''[[Psilocybe]]'' (116 species), ''[[Gymnopilus]]'' (14), ''[[Panaeolus]]'' (13), ''[[Copelandia]]'' (12), ''[[Pluteus]]'' (6) ''[[Inocybe]]'' (6), ''[[Pholiotina]]'' (4) and ''[[Galerina]]'' (1).<ref name="Guzmán 2000" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gotvaldova |first1=Klara |last2=Borovicka |first2=Jan |last3=Hajkova |first3=Katerina |last4=Cihlarova |first4=Petra |last5=Rockefeller |first5=Alan |last6=Kuchar |first6=Martin |year=2022 |title=Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=23 |issue=22 |pages=14068 |doi=10.3390/ijms232214068 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=9693126 |pmid=36430546 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing ''Psilocybe'' to 144 species in a 2005 review.
[[File:Pschoactive Psilocybe distribution.png|thumb|center|450px|Global distribution of 100+ psychoactive species of genus ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms<ref name="Guzmán 1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |year=1998 |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |url=http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto |volume=14 |page=207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref>]]
Many of them are found in Mexico (53 species), with the remainder distributed throughout Canada and the US (22), Europe (16), Asia (15), Africa (4), and Australia and associated islands (19).<ref name="Guzmán 2005" /> Generally, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, [[lamella (mycology)|gilled]] mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods in the [[subtropic]]s and tropics, usually in soils rich in [[humus]] and plant debris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wurst, M. |last2=Kysilka, R. |last3=Flieger, M. |year=2002 |title=Psychoactive tryptamines from Basidiomycetes |journal=Folia Microbiologica |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 [5] |doi=10.1007/BF02818560 |pmid=11980266 |s2cid=31056807}}</ref> Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents, but the majority of species are found in [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|subtropical humid forests]].<ref name="Guzmán 2000" /> ''[[Psilocybe cubensis|P. cubensis]]'' is the most common ''Psilocybe'' in tropical areas. ''[[Psilocybe semilanceata|P. semilanceata]]'', considered the world's most widely distributed psilocybin mushroom,<ref name="Guzmán 1983" /> is found in temperate parts of Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand, although it is absent from Mexico.<ref name="Guzmán 2005" />
==Composition==
Magic mushroom composition varies from genus to genus and species to species.<ref name="psychedelicreview1">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Chemical Composition Variability in Magic Mushrooms |url=https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818182434/https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/ |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> Its principal component is psilocybin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms drug profile |url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817140645/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction}}</ref> which is converted into [[psilocin]] to produce psychoactive effects.<ref name="Kuhn 2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Health |date=January 12, 2012 |title=Magic mushrooms – Canada.ca |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/magic-mushrooms.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051237/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/magic-mushrooms.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |access-date=December 20, 2017 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Besides psilocin, [[norpsilocin]], [[baeocystin]], [[norbaeocystin]], and [[aeruginascin]] may also be present, which can modify the effects of magic mushrooms.<ref name="psychedelicreview1" /> ''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]'', one species of magic mushroom, had the highest amount of psilocybin compared to the rest of the fruiting body.<ref name="psychedelicreview1" /> Certain mushrooms are found to produce beta-carbolines which inhibit monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down tryptamine alkaloids. They occur in different [[genera]], such as ''[[Psilocybe]]'',<ref name="pmid31729089">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blei F, Dörner S, Fricke J, Baldeweg F, Trottmann F, Komor A, Meyer F, Hertweck C, Hoffmeister D |date=January 2020 |title=Simultaneous Production of Psilocybin and a Cocktail of β-Carboline Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in 'Magic' Mushrooms |journal=[[Chemistry: A European Journal]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=729–734 |doi=10.1002/chem.201904363 |pmc=7003923 |pmid=31729089}}</ref>''[[Cyclocybe]]'',<ref name="pmid31150766">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krüzselyi D, Vetter J, Ott PG, Darcsi A, Béni S, Gömöry Á, Drahos L, Zsila F, Móricz ÁM |date=September 2019 |title=Isolation and structural elucidation of a novel brunnein-type antioxidant β-carboline alkaloid from Cyclocybe cylindracea |journal=[[Fitoterapia]] |volume=137 |pages=104180 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104180 |pmid=31150766 |s2cid=172137046}}</ref> and ''[[Hygrophorus]]''.<ref name="pmid18401852">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Teichert A, Lübken T, Schmidt J, Kuhnt C, Huth M, Porzel A, Wessjohann L, Arnold N |date=2008 |title=Determination of beta-carboline alkaloids in fruiting bodies of Hygrophorus spp. by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry |journal=[[Phytochemical Analysis]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=335–41 |doi=10.1002/pca.1057 |pmid=18401852}}</ref> Harmine, harmane, norharmane and a range of other l-tryptophan-derived {{Nowrap|β-carbolines}} were discovered in ''Psilocybe'' species.
==Effects==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Pharmacology}}
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|Despite risks, mushrooms do much less damage in the UK than other recreational drugs.]]
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Psilocybn.svg
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| caption1 = [[Psilocybin]]
| image2 = Psilocin.svg
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| caption2 = [[Psilocin]]
}}
The effects of psilocybin mushrooms come from psilocybin and psilocin. When psilocybin is ingested, it is broken down by the liver in a process called [[dephosphorylation]]. The resulting compound is called psilocin, responsible for the [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] effects.<ref name="Passie 2002" /> [[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]] create short-term increases in tolerance of users, thus making it difficult to misuse them because the more often they are taken within a short period, the weaker the resultant effects are.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Psilocybin Fast Facts |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs6/6038/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512174358/http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs6/6038/index.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2007 |publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]}}</ref> Psilocybin mushrooms have not been known to cause physical or psychological [[drug dependence|dependence]] (addiction).<ref name="Amsterdam 2011" /> The psychedelic effects appear around 20 minutes after ingestion and can last up to 6 hours. Physical effects may occur, including nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination.
As with many psychedelic substances, the effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably among individual users. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last from three to eight hours, depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The first 3–4 hours after ingestion are typically referred to as the 'peak'—in which the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects can seem to last much longer for the user because of psilocybin's ability to alter time perception.<ref name="Wittmann 2007" />
===Sensory===
Sensory effects include visual and auditory hallucinations followed by emotional changes and altered perception of time and space.<ref name="golden">{{Cite book |last=Schultes |first=Richard Evans |url=https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68 |title=Hallucinogenic Plants |publisher=[[Western Publishing|Golden Press]] |others=Illustrated by Elmer W. Smith |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-307-24362-1 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68 68] |author-link=Richard Evans Schultes}}</ref> Noticeable changes to the auditory, visual, and tactile senses may become apparent around 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion, although effects may take up to two hours to take place. These shifts in perception visually include enhancement and contrasting of colors, strange light phenomena (such as auras or "halos" around light sources), increased visual acuity, surfaces that seem to ripple, shimmer, or breathe; complex open and closed eye visuals of [[form constant]]s or images, objects that warp, morph, or change solid colors; a sense of melting into the environment, and [[Afterimage|trails behind moving objects]]. Sounds may seem to have increased clarity—music, for example, can take on a profound sense of cadence and depth.<ref name=golden/> Some users experience [[synesthesia]], wherein they perceive, for example, a visualization of color upon hearing a particular sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ballesteros, S. |title=New Research on Street Drugs |last2=Ramón, M.F. |last3=Iturralde, M.J. |last4=Martínez-Arrieta, R. |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59454-961-8 |editor-last=Cole, S.M. |page=175 |chapter=Natural Sources of Drugs of Abuse: Magic Mushrooms |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Emotional===
As with other [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] such as [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], the experience, or 'trip,' is strongly dependent upon [[set and setting]].<ref name=golden/> Hilarity, lack of concentration, and muscular relaxation (including [[dilated pupils]]) are all normal effects, sometimes in the same trip.<ref name=golden/> A negative environment could contribute to a [[bad trip]], whereas a comfortable and familiar environment would set the stage for a pleasant experience. Psychedelics make experiences more intense, so if a person enters a trip in an anxious state of mind, they will likely experience heightened anxiety on their trip. Many users find it preferable to ingest the mushrooms with friends or people familiar with 'tripping.'<ref name="Stamets">[[#Stamets|Stamets (1996)]]</ref> The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a large dose. In addition to the risks associated with the ingestion of psilocybin, individuals who seek to use psilocybin mushrooms also risk poisoning if one of the wide varieties of poisonous mushrooms is confused with a psilocybin mushroom.<ref name="DoJ">{{Cite web |title=Psilocybin Fast Facts |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503110944/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/ |archive-date=May 3, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |publisher=National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
==Dosage==
{{Main|Psilocybin#Pharmacokinetics}}
[[File:Cubensis shrooms.jpg|thumb|A bag of 1.5 grams of dried psilocybe cubensis mushrooms]]
The dosage of mushrooms containing psilocybin depends on the psilocybin and psilocin content, which can vary significantly between and within the same species but is typically around 0.5–2.0% of the dried weight of the mushroom.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Laussmann |first1=Tim |last2=Meier-Giebing |first2=Sigrid |date=2010 |title=Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulisForsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004927 |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=160–164|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013 |pmid=20047807 }}</ref> Usual doses of the common species ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' range around 1.0 to 2.5 g, while about 2.5 to 5.0 g dried mushroom material is considered a strong dose.<ref name="erowiddosage">{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml|title=Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage|access-date=2006-11-26|publisher=Erowid|year=2006|author=Erowid|format=shtml|archive-date=December 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140805/https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Above 5 g is often considered a heavy dose, with 5.0 grams of dried mushroom often being referred to as a "heroic dose".<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 2000 |title=Terence McKenna's Last Trip |work=Wired Magazine |agency=Condé Nast Publications |url=https://www.wired.com/2000/05/mckenna/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314133905/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.05/mckenna.html |archive-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jesso |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90 |title=Decomposing The Shadow: Lessons From The Psilocybin Mushroom |date=June 13, 2013 |publisher=SoulsLantern Publishing |isbn=978-0-9919435-0-0 |page=90 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183147/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90#v=snippet&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
The concentration of active psilocybin mushroom compounds varies from species to species but also from mushroom to mushroom within a given species, [[subspecies]] or [[variety (botany)|variety]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bigwood J, Beug MW |year=1982 |title=Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of ''Psilocybe cubensis'' (Earle) Singer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9 |pmid=7201054}}</ref> The species ''[[Psilocybe azurescens]]'' contains the most psilocybin (up to 1.78%).
==Toxicology==
The species within the most commonly foraged and ingested genus of psilocybin mushrooms, the [[psilocybe]], contains two primary hallucinogenic toxins; [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kosentka | first1=Pawel | title=Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi. | journal=PLOS ONE | year=2013 | volume=8 | issue=5 | pages=e64646 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064646 | pmid=23717644 | pmc=3662758 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...864646K | doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[median lethal dose]], also known as “LD50”, of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maryadele |first=O’Neil |date=2006 |title=The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals |publisher=Merck Research Laboratories |isbn=978-0911910001}}</ref>
From a toxicological profile, it would be incredibly difficult to [[overdose]] on psilocybin mushrooms, given their primary toxin compounds. To consume such massive amounts of psilocybin, one must ingest more than {{val|1.2|u=kg}} of dried ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'' given 1-2% of the dried mushroom contains psilocybin.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/>
Posing a more realistic threat than a lethal overdose, significantly elevated levels of psilocin can overstimulate the [[5-HT2A]] receptors in the brain, causing acute [[serotonin syndrome]].<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{cite journal | last1=Chilton | first1=Scott | last2=Bigwood | first2=Jeremy | title=Chilton, W. Scott, Jeremy Bigwood, and Robert E. Jensen. "Psilocin, bufotenine, and serotonin: historical and biosynthetic observations. | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | year=1979 | volume=11.1 | issue=2 | pages=61–69 | doi=10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | pmid=392119 | access-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224044723/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093 | url-status=live }}</ref> A 2015 study observed that a dose of 200 mg/kg psilocin induced symptoms of acute serotonin poisoning in mice.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zhuk | first1=Olga | title=Research on acute toxicity and the behavioral effects of methanolic extract from psilocybin mushrooms and psilocin in mice | journal=Toxins | year=2015 | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=1018–1029 | doi=10.3390/toxins7041018 | pmid=25826052 | pmc=4417952 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[Neurotoxicity]]-induced fatal events are uncommon with psilocybin mushroom overdose, as most patients admitted to critical care are released from the department only requiring moderate treatment.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/> However, fatal events related to emotional distress and trip-induced psychosis can occur as a result of over-consumption of psilocybin mushrooms. In 2003, a 27-year-old man was found dead in an irrigation canal due to hypothermia. In his bedroom was found two cultivation pots of psilocybin mushrooms, but no report of toxicology was made.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lima | first1=Afonso DL | title=Poisonous mushrooms; a review of the most common intoxications. | url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3092/309226786009.pdf | journal=Nutricion Hospitalaria | year=2012 | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=402–408 | doi=10.3305/nh.2012.27.2.5328 | pmid=22732961 | access-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-date=December 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224045024/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3092/309226786009.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
== Clinical research ==
Due partly to restrictions of the [[Controlled Substances Act]], research in the United States was limited until the early 21st century when psilocybin mushrooms were tested for their potential to treat [[drug dependence]], [[anxiety]] and [[mood disorder]]s.<ref name="bui">{{Cite journal |last1=Bui |first1=Eric |last2=King |first2=Franklin |last3=Melaragno |first3=Andrew |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in the 21st century: A call for novel approaches (Review) |journal=General Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=e100136 |doi=10.1136/gpsych-2019-100136 |pmc=6936967 |pmid=31922087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doblin |first1=Richard E. |last2=Christiansen |first2=Merete |last3=Jerome |first3=Lisa |last4=Burge |first4=Brad |date=2019-03-15 |title=The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472 |pmid=31132970 |s2cid=167220251 |issn=0279-1072|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2018–19, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) granted [[Breakthrough Therapy Designation]] for studies of psilocybin in [[Major depressive disorder|depressive disorders.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2019 |title=FDA grants Breakthrough Therapy Designation to Usona Institute's psilocybin program for major depressive disorder |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191122005452/en/FDA-grants-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-to-Usona-Institutes-psilocybin-program-for-major-depressive-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026141228/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191122005452/en/FDA-grants-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-to-Usona-Institutes-psilocybin-program-for-major-depressive-disorder |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=Business Wire}}</ref>
==Legality==
{{Main|Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms}}
The legality of the cultivation, possession, and sale of psilocybin mushrooms and psilocybin and psilocin varies from country to country.
After Oregon Measure 109, in 2020, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use. However, selling psilocybin without being licensed may still attract fines or imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_109,_Psilocybin_Mushroom_Services_Program_Initiative_(2020) | title=Oregon Measure 109, Psilocybin Mushroom Services Program Initiative (2020) | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Nov 3, 2020 | website=ballotpedia.org | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031150/https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_109,_Psilocybin_Mushroom_Services_Program_Initiative_(2020) | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 [[Colorado]] legalized consumption, growing, and sharing for personal use,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Jennifer |date=10 November 2022 |title=Colorado becomes second state to legalize "magic mushrooms" |url=http://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/ |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=The Colorado Sun |language=en-US |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110005912/https://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though sales are prohibited while regulations are being drafted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922732/a-gray-market-emerges-in-colorado-after-voters-approved-psychedelic-substances |title=A gray market emerges in Colorado after voters approved psychedelic substances |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705043727/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922732/a-gray-market-emerges-in-colorado-after-voters-approved-psychedelic-substances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Proposition_122,_Decriminalization_and_Regulated_Access_Program_for_Certain_Psychedelic_Plants_and_Fungi_Initiative_(2022) | title=Colorado Proposition 122, Decriminalization and Regulated Access Program for Certain Psychedelic Plants and Fungi Initiative (2022) | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Nov 8, 2022 | website=ballotpedia.org | access-date=July 5, 2023 | archive-date=July 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720205404/https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Proposition_122,_Decriminalization_and_Regulated_Access_Program_for_Certain_Psychedelic_Plants_and_Fungi_Initiative_(2022) | url-status=live }}</ref> Other jurisdictions in the United States where psilocybin mushrooms are decriminalized include Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan; Oakland and Santa Cruz, California; Easthampton, Somerville, Northampton, and Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, DC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/ | title=Is It Legal to Buy Mushroom Spores Online? | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Dec 5, 2022 | website=pnwspore.com | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031215/https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
Furthermore, buying spores of mushroom species containing psilocybin online in the United States is legal in all states except Georgia, Idaho and California.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sporestock.com/faq | title=Frequently Asked Questions | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=Jul 2, 2022 | website=sporestock.com | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031314/https://sporestock.com/faq | url-status=live }}</ref> This is because fruiting mushrooms and mycelium contain psilocybin, a federally banned substance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf | title=Psilocybin Drug Fact Sheet | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=April 21, 2020 | website=dea.gov | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031400/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> A technical caveat to consider, however, is that the distributed spores must not be intended to be used for cultivation, but allowed for microscopy purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf | title=COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN PUBLISHED OPINION | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=June 21, 2007 | website=wicourts.gov | access-date=Jan 4, 2023 | archive-date=March 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032714/https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
===United Nations===
{{Main|Convention on Psychotropic Substances}}
[[File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg|thumb|right|Article 32 makes an exception for psilocybin mushroom and other wild psychotropic plants, to protect use in religious rituals in case such plants themselves were in the future added to Schedule I.]]
Internationally, [[mescaline]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[psilocin]], are Schedule I drugs under the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]]. The Commentary on the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] notes, however, that the plants containing them are not subject to international control:<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html |title=DMT – UN report |publisher=MAPS |date=2001-03-31 |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121083150/http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html |archivedate=January 21, 2012 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
''"The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention... Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the [[Peyote]] cactus nor the roots of the plant [[Mimosa hostilis]] nor [[Psilocybin mushrooms|''Psilocybe'' mushrooms]] themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principals, [[mescaline]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[psilocin]]."''
</blockquote>
==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
* [[Psilocybin]]
* [[List of psilocybin mushroom species]]
* [[List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals]]
* [[Mushroom tea]]
* [[Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States]]
* [[Stoned ape theory]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Amsterdam 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=van Amsterdam, J. |last2=Opperhuizen, A. |last3=van den Brink, W. |year=2011 |title=Harm potential of magic mushroom use: A review |journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=423–429 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006 |pmid=21256914}}</ref>
<ref name="Brande 1799">{{Cite journal |last=Brande E. |year=1799 |title=Mr. E. Brande, on a poisonous species of Agaric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41 |journal=The Medical and Physical Journal: Containing the Earliest Information on Subjects of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Chemistry, and Natural History |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=41–44 |pmc=5659401 |pmid=30490162 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183250/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 1983">{{Cite book |last=Guzmán, G. |title=The Genus ''Psilocybe'': A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution, and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species |publisher=J. Cramer |year=1983 |isbn=978-3-7682-5474-8 |series=Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=74 |location=Vaduz, Liechtenstein |pages=361–2}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Guzmán, G. |last2=Allen, J.W. |last3=Gartz, J. |year=2000 |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto: Sezione Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali |volume=14 |pages=189–280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205032100/http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20%26%20C.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán, G. |year=2005 |title=Species diversity of the genus ''Psilocybe'' (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties |journal=International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=305–331 |doi=10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i12.280}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán G. |year=2008 |title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 |s2cid=22085876}}</ref>
<ref name="Heim 1957">{{Cite journal |last=Heim R. |year=1957 |title=Notes préliminaires sur les agarics hallucinogènes du Mexique |trans-title=Preliminary notes on the hallucination-producing agarics of Mexico |journal=Revue de Mycologie |language=fr |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=58–79}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1958">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hofmann A, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F |year=1958 |title=Konstitutionsaufklärung und Synthese von Psilocybin |trans-title=The composition and synthesis of psilocybin |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |language=de |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=397–399 |doi=10.1007/BF02160424 |pmid=13609599 |s2cid=33692940}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1958b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H |year=1958 |title=Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen Rauschpilz ''Psilocybe mexicana'' Heim |trans-title=Psilocybin, a psychotropic drug from the Mexican magic mushroom ''Psilocybe mexicana'' Heim |journal=Experientia |language=de |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=107–109 |doi=10.1007/BF02159243 |pmid=13537892 |s2cid=42898430}}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann 1980">{{Cite book |last=Hofmann A. |title=LSD: My Problem Child |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-07-029325-0 |location=New York City |pages=49–71 |chapter=The Mexican relatives of LSD}}</ref>
<ref name="Kuhn 2003">{{Cite book |last1=Kuhn, Cynthia |url=https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn/page/83 |title=Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy |last2=Swartzwelder, Scott |last3=Wilson, Wilkie |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-32493-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn/page/83 83]}}</ref>
<ref name="Lattin 2010">{{Cite book |last=Lattin, Don |url=https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37 |title=The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil killed the fifties and ushered in a new age for America |publisher=HarperOne |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-165593-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37 37–44]}}</ref>
<ref name="Monaghan 2000">{{Cite book |last1=Monaghan, John D. |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165 |title=Ethnology |last2=Cohen, Jeffrey H. |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-292-70881-5 |editor-last=Monaghan, John |location=Austin, Texas |page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165 165] |chapter=Thirty years of Oaxacan ethnography |editor-last2=Edmonson, Barbara |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZxCCImjN-gC&pg=PA165}}</ref>
<ref name="Passie 2002">{{Cite journal |last1=Passie, T. |last2=Seifert, J. |last3=Schneider, und |last4=Emrich, H.M. |year=2002 |title=The pharmacology of psilocybin |journal=Addiction Biology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1080/1355621021000005937 |pmid=14578010 |s2cid=12656091}}</ref>
<ref name="Wasson 1957">{{Cite magazine |last=Wasson RG |year=1957 |title=Seeking the magic mushroom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100 |magazine=Life |issue=May 13 |pages=100–120 |access-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Wittmann 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Wittmann, M. |last2=Carter, O. |last3=Hasler, F. |last4=Cahn, B.R. |last5=Grimberg, und |last6=Spring, P. |last7=Hell, D. |last8=Flohr, H. |last9=Vollenweider, F.X. |year=2007 |title=Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behavior in humans |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=50–64 |doi=10.1177/0269881106065859 |pmid=16714323 |s2cid=3165579}}</ref>
}}
== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allen, J.W. |title=Magic Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Raver Books and John W. Allen |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-58214-026-1 |location=Seattle}}
* {{Cite book |last=Estrada, A. |url=https://archive.org/details/marasabinaherl00estr |title=Maria Sabina: Her Life and Chants |publisher=Ross Erikson |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-915520-32-9}}
* Haze, Virginia & Dr. K. Mandrake, PhD. ''The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms''. Green Candy Press: Toronto, Canada, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-937866-28-0}}. www.greencandypress.com.
* {{Cite book |last=Högberg, O. |title=Flugsvampen och människan |year=2003 |publisher=Carlssons |isbn=978-91-7203-555-3 |language=sv}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kuhn, C. |url=https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn |title=Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy |last2=Swartzwelder, S |last3=Wilson, W. |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-393-32493-8 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Letcher, A. |title=Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-571-22770-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=McKenna, T. |title=Food of the Gods |publisher=Bantam |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-553-37130-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicholas, L.G. |title=Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation |last2=Ogame, K. |publisher=Quick American Archives |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-932551-71-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stamets, P. |title=Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-58008-175-7 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stamets, P. |title=The Mushroom Cultivator |last2=Chilton, J.S. |publisher=Agarikon Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2 |location=Olympia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stamets, P. |title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2 |location=Berkeley |ref=Stamets}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wasson, G.R. |title=The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-07-068443-0}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|magic mushroom}}
{{Drug use}}
{{Hallucinogenic tryptamines}}
{{Hallucinogenic mushrooms}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psilocybin Mushrooms}}
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Psilocybin]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
[[Category:Psychoactive fungi]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mushrooms containing psychoactive indole alkaloids</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Magic mushroom" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Magic_mushroom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Magic mushroom (disambiguation)">Magic mushroom (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg/220px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg/330px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg/440px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_6514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_semilanceata" title="Psilocybe semilanceata">Psilocybe semilanceata</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Psilocybin mushrooms</b>, commonly known as <b>magic mushrooms</b> or <b>shrooms</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> informal group of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">fungi</a> that contain <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, which turns into <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a> upon ingestion. Biological <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> containing psilocybin mushrooms include <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus" title="Panaeolus">Panaeolus</a></i> (including <i><a href="/wiki/Copelandia" title="Copelandia">Copelandia</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe" title="Inocybe">Inocybe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus" title="Pluteus">Pluteus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus" title="Gymnopilus">Gymnopilus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pholiotina" title="Pholiotina">Pholiotina</a></i>.
</p><p>Amongst other cultural applications, psilocybin mushrooms are used as <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drugs</a>. They may be depicted in <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> rock art in Africa and Europe, but are more certainly represented in <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a></span> sculptures and glyphs seen throughout the Americas.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modern"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Occurrence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Occurrence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Composition"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Effects"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Effects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sensory"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sensory</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Emotional"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Emotional</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dosage"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Dosage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Toxicology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Clinical_research"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical research</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Legality"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Legality</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#United_Nations"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Nations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#General_and_cited_references"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">General and cited references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin#History" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin § History</a></div><p>Psilocybin mushrooms have been<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and continue to be used in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> cultures in religious, <a href="/wiki/Divinatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinatory">divinatory</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2008-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early">Early</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg/220px-Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg/330px-Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg/440px-Psilocybe_Mushrooms_statues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Columbian mushroom stones</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9000–7000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></span> from <a href="/wiki/Tassili" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassili">Tassili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, is believed to make you poo poo <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic mushrooms">psychedelic mushrooms</a> and the transformation of the user under their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Prehistoric rock art near <a href="/wiki/Villar_del_Humo" title="Villar del Humo">Villar del Humo</a> in Spain suggests that <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_hispanica" title="Psilocybe hispanica">Psilocybe hispanica</a></i> was used in religious <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> 6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> species of the <a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a> genus have a history of use among the native peoples of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> for religious communion, divination, and healing, from <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> times to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Mushroom stones and motifs have been found in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stametspg11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stametspg11-6">[6]</a></sup> A statuette dating from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 CE</span> depicting a mushroom strongly resembling <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mexicana" title="Psilocybe mexicana">Psilocybe mexicana</a></i> was found in the west Mexican state of Colima in a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_and_chamber_tomb" title="Shaft and chamber tomb">shaft and chamber tomb</a>. A <i>Psilocybe</i> species known to the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> as <i>teōnanācatl</i> (literally "divine mushroom": the agglutinative form of <i>teōtl</i> (god, sacred) and <i>nanācatl</i> (mushroom) in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl language</a>) was reportedly served at the coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> in 1502. Aztecs and <a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatecs</a> referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms when translated into English.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> reported the ritualistic use of <i>teonanácatl</i> by the Aztecs when he traveled to Central America after the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_1980_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann_1980-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the cultural tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs as idolaters, and the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, together with other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Stametspg11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stametspg11-6">[6]</a></sup> The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and others to communicate with demons. Despite this history, the use of <i>teonanácatl</i> has persisted in some remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2008-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern">Modern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg/220px-Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg/330px-Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg/440px-Psilocybe_allenii_Oakland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_allenii" title="Psilocybe allenii">Psilocybe allenii</a></i></figcaption></figure><p>
The first mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in European medicinal literature was in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: A man served <i>Psilocybe semilanceata</i> mushrooms he had picked for breakfast in London's <a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a> to his family. The apothecary who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him."<sup id="cite_ref-Brande_1799_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brande_1799-9">[9]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mexicana" title="Psilocybe mexicana">Psilocybe mexicana</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Pavlovna_Wasson" title="Valentina Pavlovna Wasson">Valentina Pavlovna Wasson</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._Gordon_Wasson" title="R. Gordon Wasson">R. Gordon Wasson</a> became the first known European Americans to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their experience, even publishing an article on their experiences in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> on May 13, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasson_1957_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasson_1957-10">[10]</a></sup> In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Heim" title="Roger Heim">Roger Heim</a> identified the psychoactive mushroom the Wassons brought back from Mexico as <i>Psilocybe</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Heim_1957_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim_1957-11">[11]</a></sup> and in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hofmann" title="Albert Hofmann">Albert Hofmann</a> first identified <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a> as the active compounds in these mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_1958_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann_1958-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_1958b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann_1958b-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Inspired by the Wassons' <i>Life</i> article, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms himself. When he returned to <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> in 1960, he and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Alpert">Richard Alpert</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project" title="Harvard Psilocybin Project">Harvard Psilocybin Project</a>, promoting psychological and religious studies of psilocybin and other <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>. Alpert and Leary sought to conduct research with psilocybin on prisoners in the 1960s, testing its effects on <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> This experiment reviewed the subjects six months later, and found that the recidivism rate had decreased beyond their expectation, below 40%. This, and another experiment administering psilocybin to graduate divinity students, showed controversy. Shortly after Leary and Alpert were dismissed from their jobs by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">psychedelic experience</a> to the nascent <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lattin_2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lattin_2010-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The popularization of <a href="/wiki/Entheogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Entheogens">entheogens</a> by the Wassons, Leary, <a href="/wiki/Terence_McKenna" title="Terence McKenna">Terence McKenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, and many others led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the world. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating large quantities of <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">Psilocybe cubensis</a></i> were also published. The availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made them one of the most widely used psychedelic drugs.
</p><p>At present, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from central Mexico to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, including groups of <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtecs">Mixtecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotecs</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2008-1">[1]</a></sup> An important figure of mushroom usage in Mexico was <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sabina" title="María Sabina">María Sabina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Monaghan_2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaghan_2000-16">[16]</a></sup> who used native mushrooms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mexicana" title="Psilocybe mexicana">Psilocybe mexicana</a></i> in her practice.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Occurrence">Occurrence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin#Natural_occurrence" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin § Natural occurrence</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluteus_salcinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pluteus_salcinus.jpg/160px-Pluteus_salcinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pluteus_salcinus.jpg/240px-Pluteus_salcinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pluteus_salcinus.jpg/320px-Pluteus_salcinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg/160px-Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg/240px-Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg/320px-Gymnopilus_luteoviridis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg/160px-Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg/240px-Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg/320px-Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Non-<i>Psilocybe</i> species of psilocybin mushroom include <i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_salicinus" title="Pluteus salicinus">Pluteus salicinus</a></i> (left), <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_luteoviridis" title="Gymnopilus luteoviridis">Gymnopilus luteoviridis</a></i> (center), and <i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_cinctulus" title="Panaeolus cinctulus">Panaeolus cinctulus</a></i>, formerly called <i>Panaeolus subbalteatus</i> (right)</div></div></div></div>
<p>In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, <a href="/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Gastón Guzmán">Gastón Guzmán</a> and colleagues considered these distributed among the following <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a></i> (116 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus" title="Gymnopilus">Gymnopilus</a></i> (14), <i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus" title="Panaeolus">Panaeolus</a></i> (13), <i><a href="/wiki/Copelandia" title="Copelandia">Copelandia</a></i> (12), <i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus" title="Pluteus">Pluteus</a></i> (6) <i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe" title="Inocybe">Inocybe</a></i> (6), <i><a href="/wiki/Pholiotina" title="Pholiotina">Pholiotina</a></i> (4) and <i><a href="/wiki/Galerina" title="Galerina">Galerina</a></i> (1).<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2000-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing <i>Psilocybe</i> to 144 species in a 2005 review.
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/450px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/675px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/900px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of 100+ psychoactive species of genus <i>Psilocybe</i> mushrooms<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_1998-19">[19]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Many of them are found in Mexico (53 species), with the remainder distributed throughout Canada and the US (22), Europe (16), Asia (15), Africa (4), and Australia and associated islands (19).<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2005-20">[20]</a></sup> Generally, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">gilled</a> mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods in the <a href="/wiki/Subtropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropic">subtropics</a> and tropics, usually in soils rich in <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> and plant debris.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents, but the majority of species are found in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">subtropical humid forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2000-17">[17]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">P. cubensis</a></i> is the most common <i>Psilocybe</i> in tropical areas. <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_semilanceata" title="Psilocybe semilanceata">P. semilanceata</a></i>, considered the world's most widely distributed psilocybin mushroom,<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_1983_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_1983-22">[22]</a></sup> is found in temperate parts of Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand, although it is absent from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_2005_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_2005-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Magic mushroom composition varies from genus to genus and species to species.<sup id="cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychedelicreview1-23">[23]</a></sup> Its principal component is psilocybin,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> which is converted into <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a> to produce psychoactive effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn_2003-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Besides psilocin, <a href="/wiki/Norpsilocin" title="Norpsilocin">norpsilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baeocystin" title="Baeocystin">baeocystin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbaeocystin" title="Norbaeocystin">norbaeocystin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeruginascin" title="Aeruginascin">aeruginascin</a> may also be present, which can modify the effects of magic mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychedelicreview1-23">[23]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_subbalteatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panaeolus subbalteatus">Panaeolus subbalteatus</a></i>, one species of magic mushroom, had the highest amount of psilocybin compared to the rest of the fruiting body.<sup id="cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychedelicreview1-23">[23]</a></sup> Certain mushrooms are found to produce beta-carbolines which inhibit monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down tryptamine alkaloids. They occur in different <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31729089_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31729089-27">[27]</a></sup><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclocybe" title="Cyclocybe">Cyclocybe</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31150766_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31150766-28">[28]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hygrophorus" title="Hygrophorus">Hygrophorus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18401852_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18401852-29">[29]</a></sup> Harmine, harmane, norharmane and a range of other l-tryptophan-derived <span class="nowrap">β-carbolines</span> were discovered in <i>Psilocybe</i> species.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects">Effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin#Pharmacology" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin § Pharmacology</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/220px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/330px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/440px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Despite risks, mushrooms do much less damage in the UK than other recreational drugs.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Psilocybn.svg/160px-Psilocybn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Psilocybn.svg/240px-Psilocybn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Psilocybn.svg/320px-Psilocybn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Psilocin.svg/160px-Psilocin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Psilocin.svg/240px-Psilocin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Psilocin.svg/320px-Psilocin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>The effects of psilocybin mushrooms come from psilocybin and psilocin. When psilocybin is ingested, it is broken down by the liver in a process called <a href="/wiki/Dephosphorylation" title="Dephosphorylation">dephosphorylation</a>. The resulting compound is called psilocin, responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Passie_2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passie_2002-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a> create short-term increases in tolerance of users, thus making it difficult to misuse them because the more often they are taken within a short period, the weaker the resultant effects are.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-31">[31]</a></sup> Psilocybin mushrooms have not been known to cause physical or psychological <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">dependence</a> (addiction).<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_2011-32">[32]</a></sup> The psychedelic effects appear around 20 minutes after ingestion and can last up to 6 hours. Physical effects may occur, including nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination.
</p><p>As with many psychedelic substances, the effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably among individual users. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last from three to eight hours, depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The first 3–4 hours after ingestion are typically referred to as the 'peak'—in which the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects can seem to last much longer for the user because of psilocybin's ability to alter time perception.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittmann_2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann_2007-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sensory">Sensory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sensory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Sensory effects include visual and auditory hallucinations followed by emotional changes and altered perception of time and space.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-34">[34]</a></sup> Noticeable changes to the auditory, visual, and tactile senses may become apparent around 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion, although effects may take up to two hours to take place. These shifts in perception visually include enhancement and contrasting of colors, strange light phenomena (such as auras or "halos" around light sources), increased visual acuity, surfaces that seem to ripple, shimmer, or breathe; complex open and closed eye visuals of <a href="/wiki/Form_constant" title="Form constant">form constants</a> or images, objects that warp, morph, or change solid colors; a sense of melting into the environment, and <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">trails behind moving objects</a>. Sounds may seem to have increased clarity—music, for example, can take on a profound sense of cadence and depth.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-34">[34]</a></sup> Some users experience <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>, wherein they perceive, for example, a visualization of color upon hearing a particular sound.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emotional">Emotional</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emotional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, the experience, or 'trip,' is strongly dependent upon <a href="/wiki/Set_and_setting" title="Set and setting">set and setting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-34">[34]</a></sup> Hilarity, lack of concentration, and muscular relaxation (including <a href="/wiki/Dilated_pupils" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilated pupils">dilated pupils</a>) are all normal effects, sometimes in the same trip.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-34">[34]</a></sup> A negative environment could contribute to a <a href="/wiki/Bad_trip" title="Bad trip">bad trip</a>, whereas a comfortable and familiar environment would set the stage for a pleasant experience. Psychedelics make experiences more intense, so if a person enters a trip in an anxious state of mind, they will likely experience heightened anxiety on their trip. Many users find it preferable to ingest the mushrooms with friends or people familiar with 'tripping.'<sup id="cite_ref-Stamets_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamets-36">[36]</a></sup> The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a large dose. In addition to the risks associated with the ingestion of psilocybin, individuals who seek to use psilocybin mushrooms also risk poisoning if one of the wide varieties of poisonous mushrooms is confused with a psilocybin mushroom.<sup id="cite_ref-DoJ_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoJ-37">[37]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dosage">Dosage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dosage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin#Pharmacokinetics" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin § Pharmacokinetics</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubensis_shrooms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cubensis_shrooms.jpg/220px-Cubensis_shrooms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cubensis_shrooms.jpg/330px-Cubensis_shrooms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cubensis_shrooms.jpg/440px-Cubensis_shrooms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A bag of 1.5 grams of dried psilocybe cubensis mushrooms</figcaption></figure>
<p>The dosage of mushrooms containing psilocybin depends on the psilocybin and psilocin content, which can vary significantly between and within the same species but is typically around 0.5–2.0% of the dried weight of the mushroom.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-38">[38]</a></sup> Usual doses of the common species <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">Psilocybe cubensis</a></i> range around 1.0 to 2.5 g, while about 2.5 to 5.0 g dried mushroom material is considered a strong dose.<sup id="cite_ref-erowiddosage_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erowiddosage-39">[39]</a></sup> Above 5 g is often considered a heavy dose, with 5.0 grams of dried mushroom often being referred to as a "heroic dose".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>The concentration of active psilocybin mushroom compounds varies from species to species but also from mushroom to mushroom within a given species, <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> The species <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_azurescens" title="Psilocybe azurescens">Psilocybe azurescens</a></i> contains the most psilocybin (up to 1.78%).
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicology">Toxicology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toxicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The species within the most commonly foraged and ingested genus of psilocybin mushrooms, the <a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">psilocybe</a>, contains two primary hallucinogenic toxins; <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a>, also known as “LD50”, of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>From a toxicological profile, it would be incredibly difficult to <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> on psilocybin mushrooms, given their primary toxin compounds. To consume such massive amounts of psilocybin, one must ingest more than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000120000000000000♠"></span>1.2 kg</span> of dried <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">Psilocybe cubensis</a></i> given 1-2% of the dried mushroom contains psilocybin.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Posing a more realistic threat than a lethal overdose, significantly elevated levels of psilocin can overstimulate the <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT2A">5-HT2A</a> receptors in the brain, causing acute <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-45">[45]</a></sup> A 2015 study observed that a dose of 200 mg/kg psilocin induced symptoms of acute serotonin poisoning in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a>-induced fatal events are uncommon with psilocybin mushroom overdose, as most patients admitted to critical care are released from the department only requiring moderate treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-45">[45]</a></sup> However, fatal events related to emotional distress and trip-induced psychosis can occur as a result of over-consumption of psilocybin mushrooms. In 2003, a 27-year-old man was found dead in an irrigation canal due to hypothermia. In his bedroom was found two cultivation pots of psilocybin mushrooms, but no report of toxicology was made.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_research">Clinical research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Due partly to restrictions of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>, research in the United States was limited until the early 21st century when psilocybin mushrooms were tested for their potential to treat <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bui_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bui-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> In 2018–19, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) granted <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Therapy_Designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Therapy Designation">Breakthrough Therapy Designation</a> for studies of psilocybin in <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depressive disorders.</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legality">Legality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms</a></div>
<p>The legality of the cultivation, possession, and sale of psilocybin mushrooms and psilocybin and psilocin varies from country to country.
</p><p>After Oregon Measure 109, in 2020, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use. However, selling psilocybin without being licensed may still attract fines or imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> legalized consumption, growing, and sharing for personal use,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> though sales are prohibited while regulations are being drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Other jurisdictions in the United States where psilocybin mushrooms are decriminalized include Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan; Oakland and Santa Cruz, California; Easthampton, Somerville, Northampton, and Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Furthermore, buying spores of mushroom species containing psilocybin online in the United States is legal in all states except Georgia, Idaho and California.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> This is because fruiting mushrooms and mycelium contain psilocybin, a federally banned substance.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> A technical caveat to consider, however, is that the distributed spores must not be intended to be used for cultivation, but allowed for microscopy purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Nations">United Nations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Psilocybe_mexicana_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Article 32 makes an exception for psilocybin mushroom and other wild psychotropic plants, to protect use in religious rituals in case such plants themselves were in the future added to Schedule I.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Internationally, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, are Schedule I drugs under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>. The Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a> notes, however, that the plants containing them are not subject to international control:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p><i>"The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention... Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a> cactus nor the roots of the plant <a href="/wiki/Mimosa_hostilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimosa hostilis">Mimosa hostilis</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilocybin mushrooms"><i>Psilocybe</i> mushrooms</a> themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principals, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>."</i>
</p>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psilocybin_mushroom_species" title="List of psilocybin mushroom species">List of psilocybin mushroom species</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_plants,_fungi,_and_animals" title="List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals">List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_tea" title="Mushroom tea">Mushroom tea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Guzmán_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán_G.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guzmán G. (2008). "Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-008-9033-8">10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22085876">22085876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Hallucinogenic+mushrooms+in+Mexico%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-008-9033-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22085876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSamorini1992" class="citation journal cs1">Samorini, Giorgio (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/79946409">"The oldest representations of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the world (Sahara Desert, 9000-7000 BP)"</a>. <i>Integration. Zeitschrift für geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur</i>. <b>2/3</b>: 69–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integration.+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+geistbewegende+Pflanzen+und+Kultur.&rft.atitle=The+oldest+representations+of+hallucinogenic+mushrooms+in+the+world+%28Sahara+Desert%2C+9000-7000+BP%29&rft.volume=2%2F3&rft.pages=69-75&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Samorini&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F79946409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAkersRuizPiperRuck2011" class="citation journal cs1">Akers, Brian P.; Ruiz, Juan Francisco; Piper, Alan; Ruck, Carl A. P. (2011). "A Prehistoric Mural in Spain Depicting Neurotropic Psilocybe Mushrooms?1". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 121–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-011-9152-5">10.1007/s12231-011-9152-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3955222">3955222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=A+Prehistoric+Mural+in+Spain+Depicting+Neurotropic+Psilocybe+Mushrooms%3F1&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-128&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-011-9152-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3955222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Akers&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Juan+Francisco&rft.au=Piper%2C+Alan&rft.au=Ruck%2C+Carl+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbuse2019" class="citation web cs1">Abuse, National Institute on Drug (April 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens">"Hallucinogens DrugFacts"</a>. <i>National Institute on Drug Abuse</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226025542/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.atitle=Hallucinogens+DrugFacts&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Abuse&rft.aufirst=National+Institute+on+Drug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugabuse.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdrugfacts%2Fhallucinogens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFF.J._Carod-Artal2015" class="citation journal cs1">F.J. Carod-Artal (January 1, 2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". <i>Neurología (English Edition)</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 42–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010">10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21893367">21893367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurolog%C3%ADa+%28English+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Hallucinogenic+drugs+in+pre-Columbian+Mesoamerican+cultures&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-49&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21893367&rft.au=F.J.+Carod-Artal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stametspg11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stametspg11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stametspg11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stamets">Stamets (1996)</a>, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stamets">Stamets (1996)</a>, p. 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hofmann_1980-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_1980_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann_A.1980" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann A. (1980). "The Mexican relatives of LSD". <i>LSD: My Problem Child</i>. New York City: McGraw-Hill. pp. 49–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-029325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-029325-0"><bdi>978-0-07-029325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+relatives+of+LSD&rft.btitle=LSD%3A+My+Problem+Child&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=49-71&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-07-029325-0&rft.au=Hofmann+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brande_1799-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brande_1799_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrande_E.1799" class="citation journal cs1">Brande E. (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41">"Mr. E. Brande, on a poisonous species of Agaric"</a>. <i>The Medical and Physical Journal: Containing the Earliest Information on Subjects of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Chemistry, and Natural History</i>. <b>3</b> (11): 41–44. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659401">5659401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30490162">30490162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183250/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgEHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+and+Physical+Journal%3A+Containing+the+Earliest+Information+on+Subjects+of+Medicine%2C+Surgery%2C+Pharmacy%2C+Chemistry%2C+and+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Mr.+E.+Brande%2C+on+a+poisonous+species+of+Agaric&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=1799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5659401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30490162&rft.au=Brande+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgEHAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wasson_1957-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wasson_1957_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWasson_RG1957" class="citation magazine cs1">Wasson RG (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100">"Seeking the magic mushroom"</a>. <i>Life</i>. No. May 13. pp. 100–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Seeking+the+magic+mushroom&rft.issue=May+13&rft.pages=100-120&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Wasson+RG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJj8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Heim_1957-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heim_1957_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeim_R.1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heim R. (1957). "Notes préliminaires sur les agarics hallucinogènes du Mexique" [Preliminary notes on the hallucination-producing agarics of Mexico]. <i>Revue de Mycologie</i> (in French). <b>22</b> (1): 58–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Mycologie&rft.atitle=Notes+pr%C3%A9liminaires+sur+les+agarics+hallucinog%C3%A8nes+du+Mexique&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-79&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Heim+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hofmann_1958-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_1958_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHofmannFreyOttPetrzilka1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann A, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F (1958). "Konstitutionsaufklärung und Synthese von Psilocybin" [The composition and synthesis of psilocybin]. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i> (in German). <b>14</b> (11): 397–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02160424">10.1007/BF02160424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13609599">13609599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33692940">33692940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Konstitutionsaufkl%C3%A4rung+und+Synthese+von+Psilocybin&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=397-399&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33692940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13609599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02160424&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Frey%2C+A&rft.au=Ott%2C+H&rft.au=Petrzilka%2C+T&rft.au=Troxler%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hofmann_1958b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann_1958b_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHofmannHeimBrackKobel1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H (1958). "Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen Rauschpilz <i>Psilocybe mexicana</i> Heim" [Psilocybin, a psychotropic drug from the Mexican magic mushroom <i>Psilocybe mexicana</i> Heim]. <i>Experientia</i> (in German). <b>14</b> (3): 107–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02159243">10.1007/BF02159243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13537892">13537892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42898430">42898430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experientia&rft.atitle=Psilocybin%2C+ein+psychotroper+Wirkstoff+aus+dem+mexikanischen+Rauschpilz+Psilocybe+mexicana+Heim&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107-109&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42898430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13537892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02159243&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Heim%2C+R&rft.au=Brack%2C+A&rft.au=Kobel%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html">"Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-Up Study"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 10–18. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323204408/https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Multidisciplinary+Association+for+Psychedelic+Studies&rft.atitle=Dr.+Leary%27s+Concord+Prison+Experiment%3A+A+34-Year+Follow-Up+Study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=10-18&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.org%2Fnews-letters%2Fv09n4%2F09410con.bk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lattin_2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lattin_2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLattin,_Don2010" class="citation book cs1">Lattin, Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37"><i>The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil killed the fifties and ushered in a new age for America</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardpsychedel00latt/page/37">37–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-165593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-165593-7"><bdi>978-0-06-165593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Psychedelic+Club%3A+How+Timothy+Leary%2C+Ram+Dass%2C+Huston+Smith%2C+and+Andrew+Weil+killed+the+fifties+and+ushered+in+a+new+age+for+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37-44&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-165593-7&rft.au=Lattin%2C+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvardpsychedel00latt%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Monaghan_2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monaghan_2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan,_John_D.Cohen,_Jeffrey_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, John D.; Cohen, Jeffrey H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZxCCImjN-gC&pg=PA165">"Thirty years of Oaxacan ethnography"</a>. In Monaghan, John; Edmonson, Barbara (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165"><i>Ethnology</i></a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnology0000unse/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70881-5"><bdi>978-0-292-70881-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thirty+years+of+Oaxacan+ethnography&rft.btitle=Ethnology&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70881-5&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZxCCImjN-gC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Guzmán_2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2000_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2000_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán,_G.Allen,_J.W.Gartz,_J.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Guzmán, G.; Allen, J.W.; Gartz, J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf">"A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto: Sezione Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali</i>. <b>14</b>: 189–280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205032100/http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20%26%20C.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+del+Museo+Civico+di+Rovereto%3A+Sezione+Archeologia%2C+Storia%2C+Scienze+Naturali&rft.atitle=A+worldwide+geographical+distribution+of+the+neurotropic+fungi%2C+an+analysis+and+discussion&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=189-280&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+G.&rft.au=Allen%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Gartz%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it%2FUploadDocs%2F104_art09-Guzman%2520%26%2520C.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGotvaldovaBorovickaHajkovaCihlarova2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gotvaldova, Klara; Borovicka, Jan; Hajkova, Katerina; Cihlarova, Petra; Rockefeller, Alan; Kuchar, Martin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693126">"Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>23</b> (22): 14068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms232214068">10.3390/ijms232214068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067">1422-0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693126">9693126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36430546">36430546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Extensive+Collection+of+Psychotropic+Mushrooms+with+Determination+of+Their+Tryptamine+Alkaloids&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=14068&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9693126%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1422-0067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36430546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms232214068&rft.aulast=Gotvaldova&rft.aufirst=Klara&rft.au=Borovicka%2C+Jan&rft.au=Hajkova%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Cihlarova%2C+Petra&rft.au=Rockefeller%2C+Alan&rft.au=Kuchar%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9693126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guzmán_1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_1998_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmánAllenGartz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf">"A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto</i>. <b>14</b>: 207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+del+Museo+Civico+di+Rovereto&rft.atitle=A+worldwide+geographical+distribution+of+the+neurotropic+fungi%2C+an+analysis+and+discussion&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=207&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Allen%2C+JW&rft.au=Gartz%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magic-mushrooms.net%2FWorld_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guzmán_2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2005_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_2005_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán,_G.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guzmán, G. (2005). "Species diversity of the genus <i>Psilocybe</i> (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties". <i>International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms</i>. <b>7</b> (1–2): 305–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1615%2Fintjmedmushr.v7.i12.280">10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i12.280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medicinal+Mushrooms&rft.atitle=Species+diversity+of+the+genus+Psilocybe+%28Basidiomycotina%2C+Agaricales%2C+Strophariaceae%29+in+the+world+mycobiota%2C+with+special+attention+to+hallucinogenic+properties&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=305-331&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1615%2Fintjmedmushr.v7.i12.280&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWurst,_M.Kysilka,_R.Flieger,_M.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wurst, M.; Kysilka, R.; Flieger, M. (2002). "Psychoactive tryptamines from Basidiomycetes". <i>Folia Microbiologica</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 3–27 [5]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02818560">10.1007/BF02818560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11980266">11980266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31056807">31056807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Microbiologica&rft.atitle=Psychoactive+tryptamines+from+Basidiomycetes&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-27+5&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31056807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11980266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02818560&rft.au=Wurst%2C+M.&rft.au=Kysilka%2C+R.&rft.au=Flieger%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guzmán_1983-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guzmán_1983_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán,_G.1983" class="citation book cs1">Guzmán, G. (1983). <i>The Genus </i>Psilocybe<i>: A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution, and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species</i>. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia. Vol. 74. Vaduz, Liechtenstein: J. Cramer. pp. 361–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7682-5474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7682-5474-8"><bdi>978-3-7682-5474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genus+Psilocybe%3A+A+Systematic+Revision+of+the+Known+Species+Including+the+History%2C+Distribution%2C+and+Chemistry+of+the+Hallucinogenic+Species&rft.place=Vaduz%2C+Liechtenstein&rft.series=Beihefte+Zur+Nova+Hedwigia&rft.pages=361-2&rft.pub=J.+Cramer&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3-7682-5474-8&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-psychedelicreview1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psychedelicreview1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/">"Chemical Composition Variability in Magic Mushrooms"</a>. March 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818182434/https://psychedelicreview.com/chemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Composition+Variability+in+Magic+Mushrooms&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychedelicreview.com%2Fchemical-composition-variability-in-magic-mushrooms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en">"Hallucinogenic mushrooms drug profile"</a>. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817140645/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/hallucinogenic-mushrooms_en">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hallucinogenic+mushrooms+drug+profile&rft.pub=European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fdrug-profiles%2Fhallucinogenic-mushrooms_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-golden-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchultes1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes" title="Richard Evans Schultes">Schultes, Richard Evans</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68"><i>Hallucinogenic Plants</i></a>. Illustrated by Elmer W. Smith. New York: <a href="/wiki/Western_Publishing" title="Western Publishing">Golden Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-24362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-24362-1"><bdi>978-0-307-24362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hallucinogenic+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Golden+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-307-24362-1&rft.aulast=Schultes&rft.aufirst=Richard+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhallucinogenicpl00schu_0%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBallesteros,_S.Ramón,_M.F.Iturralde,_M.J.Martínez-Arrieta,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Ballesteros, S.; Ramón, M.F.; Iturralde, M.J.; Martínez-Arrieta, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175">"Natural Sources of Drugs of Abuse: Magic Mushrooms"</a>. In Cole, S.M. (ed.). <i>New Research on Street Drugs</i>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-961-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-961-8"><bdi>978-1-59454-961-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183145/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovGcMmz5emUC&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+Sources+of+Drugs+of+Abuse%3A+Magic+Mushrooms&rft.btitle=New+Research+on+Street+Drugs&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-961-8&rft.au=Ballesteros%2C+S.&rft.au=Ram%C3%B3n%2C+M.F.&rft.au=Iturralde%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Arrieta%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovGcMmz5emUC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stamets-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stamets_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stamets">Stamets (1996)</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DoJ-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoJ_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/">"Psilocybin Fast Facts"</a>. National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503110944/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psilocybin+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=National+Drug+Intelligence+Center%2C+US+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fndic%2Fpubs6%2F6038%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-sciencedirect.com-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaussmannMeier-Giebing2010" class="citation journal cs1">Laussmann, Tim; Meier-Giebing, Sigrid (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004927">"Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulisForsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography"</a>. <i>Forensic Science International</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 160–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2009.12.013">10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20047807">20047807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Forensic+analysis+of+hallucinogenic+mushrooms+and+khat+%28Catha+edulisForsk%29+using+cation-exchange+liquid+chromatography.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=160-164&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2009.12.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20047807&rft.aulast=Laussmann&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Meier-Giebing%2C+Sigrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0379073809004927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-erowiddosage-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erowiddosage_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFErowid2006" class="citation web cs1">Erowid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml">"Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(shtml)</span>. Erowid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140805/https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_dose.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erowid+Psilocybin+Mushroom+Vault%3A+Dosage&rft.pub=Erowid&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Erowid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferowid.org%2Fplants%2Fmushrooms%2Fmushrooms_dose.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2000/05/mckenna/">"Terence McKenna's Last Trip"</a>. <i>Wired Magazine</i>. Condé Nast Publications. May 1, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314133905/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.05/mckenna.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+Magazine&rft.atitle=Terence+McKenna%27s+Last+Trip&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2000%2F05%2Fmckenna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJesso2013" class="citation book cs1">Jesso, James W. (June 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90"><i>Decomposing The Shadow: Lessons From The Psilocybin Mushroom</i></a>. SoulsLantern Publishing. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9919435-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9919435-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9919435-0-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224183147/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q53PBgAAQBAJ&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&pg=PA90#v=snippet&q=heroic%20dose%20mushroom&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decomposing+The+Shadow%3A+Lessons+From+The+Psilocybin+Mushroom&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=SoulsLantern+Publishing&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-0-9919435-0-0&rft.aulast=Jesso&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ53PBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheroic%2520dose%2520mushroom%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBigwoodBeug1982" class="citation journal cs1">Bigwood J, Beug MW (1982). "Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of <i>Psilocybe cubensis</i> (Earle) Singer". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 287–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2882%2990014-9">10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7201054">7201054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Variation+of+psilocybin+and+psilocin+levels+with+repeated+flushes+%28harvests%29+of+mature+sporocarps+of+Psilocybe+cubensis+%28Earle%29+Singer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-291&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-8741%2882%2990014-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7201054&rft.aulast=Bigwood&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Beug%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKosentka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kosentka, Pawel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662758">"Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (5): e64646. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...864646K">2013PLoSO...864646K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064646">10.1371/journal.pone.0064646</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662758">3662758</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23717644">23717644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+toxins+muscarine+and+psilocybin+in+a+family+of+mushroom-forming+fungi.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e64646&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23717644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064646&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...864646K&rft.aulast=Kosentka&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/">"Is It Legal to Buy Mushroom Spores Online?"</a>. <i>pnwspore.com</i>. December 5, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031215/https://pnwspore.com/legal-buy-mushroom-spores-online/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pnwspore.com&rft.atitle=Is+It+Legal+to+Buy+Mushroom+Spores+Online%3F&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpnwspore.com%2Flegal-buy-mushroom-spores-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sporestock.com/faq">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>sporestock.com</i>. July 2, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031314/https://sporestock.com/faq">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sporestock.com&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsporestock.com%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf">"Psilocybin Drug Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dea.gov</i>. April 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105031400/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dea.gov&rft.atitle=Psilocybin+Drug+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-06%2FPsilocybin-2020_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf">"COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN PUBLISHED OPINION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>wicourts.gov</i>. June 21, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032714/https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinions/06/pdf/06-2557.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wicourts.gov&rft.atitle=COURT+OF+APPEALS+OF+WISCONSIN+PUBLISHED+OPINION&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wicourts.gov%2Fca%2Fopinions%2F06%2Fpdf%2F06-2557.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121083150/http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html"><i>DMT – UN report</i></a>, MAPS, March 31, 2001, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DMT+%E2%80%93+UN+report&rft.pub=MAPS&rft.date=2001-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maps.org%2Fpipermail%2Fmaps_forum%2F2001-March%2F003376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_J.W.1997" class="citation book cs1">Allen, J.W. (1997). <i>Magic Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest</i>. Seattle: Raver Books and John W. Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58214-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58214-026-1"><bdi>978-1-58214-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Mushrooms+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Raver+Books+and+John+W.+Allen&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-58214-026-1&rft.au=Allen%2C+J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada,_A.1981" class="citation book cs1">Estrada, A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marasabinaherl00estr"><i>Maria Sabina: Her Life and Chants</i></a>. Ross Erikson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915520-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915520-32-9"><bdi>978-0-915520-32-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+Sabina%3A+Her+Life+and+Chants&rft.pub=Ross+Erikson&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-915520-32-9&rft.au=Estrada%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarasabinaherl00estr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Haze, Virginia & Dr. K. Mandrake, PhD. <i>The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms</i>. Green Candy Press: Toronto, Canada, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937866-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937866-28-0">978-1-937866-28-0</a>. www.greencandypress.com.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHögberg,_O.2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Högberg, O. (2003). <i>Flugsvampen och människan</i> (in Swedish). Carlssons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7203-555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7203-555-3"><bdi>978-91-7203-555-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flugsvampen+och+m%C3%A4nniskan&rft.pub=Carlssons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-91-7203-555-3&rft.au=H%C3%B6gberg%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn,_C.Swartzwelder,_SWilson,_W.2003" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, C.; Swartzwelder, S; Wilson, W. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buzzedstraightfa0000kuhn"><i>Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32493-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buzzed%3A+The+Straight+Facts+about+the+Most+Used+and+Abused+Drugs+from+Alcohol+to+Ecstasy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32493-8&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+C.&rft.au=Swartzwelder%2C+S&rft.au=Wilson%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuzzedstraightfa0000kuhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLetcher,_A.2006" class="citation book cs1">Letcher, A. (2006). <i>Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22770-9"><bdi>978-0-571-22770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shroom%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Magic+Mushroom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22770-9&rft.au=Letcher%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna,_T.1993" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, T. (1993). <i>Food of the Gods</i>. Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37130-7"><bdi>978-0-553-37130-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+of+the+Gods&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-553-37130-7&rft.au=McKenna%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas,_L.G.Ogame,_K.2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, L.G.; Ogame, K. (2006). <i>Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation</i>. Quick American Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932551-71-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932551-71-9"><bdi>978-0-932551-71-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psilocybin+Mushroom+Handbook%3A+Easy+Indoor+and+Outdoor+Cultivation&rft.pub=Quick+American+Archives&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-932551-71-9&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+L.G.&rft.au=Ogame%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStamets,_P.1993" class="citation book cs1">Stamets, P. (1993). <i>Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms</i>. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-175-7"><bdi>978-1-58008-175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Gourmet+and+Medicinal+Mushrooms&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-58008-175-7&rft.au=Stamets%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStamets,_P.Chilton,_J.S.1983" class="citation book cs1">Stamets, P.; Chilton, J.S. (1983). <i>The Mushroom Cultivator</i>. Olympia: Agarikon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610798-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9610798-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9610798-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mushroom+Cultivator&rft.place=Olympia&rft.pub=Agarikon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2&rft.au=Stamets%2C+P.&rft.au=Chilton%2C+J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="Stamets" class="citation book cs1">Stamets, P. (1996). <i>Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World</i>. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610798-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9610798-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9610798-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psilocybin+Mushrooms+of+the+World&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9610798-0-2&rft.au=Stamets%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWasson,_G.R.1980" class="citation book cs1">Wasson, G.R. (1980). <i>The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068443-0"><bdi>978-0-07-068443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wondrous+Mushroom%3A+Mycolatry+in+Mesoamerica&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-07-068443-0&rft.au=Wasson%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsilocybin+mushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psilocybin_mushroom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magic_mushroom" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:magic mushroom"><i>magic mushroom</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
<ul><li>Medical
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Other
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a>
<ul><li>Suboxone</li>
<li>Subutex</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a>
<ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a>
<ul><li>Darvocet</li>
<li>Darvon</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a>
<ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a>
<ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a>
<ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD-25</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">International Drug Control Conventions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Other treaties addressing drugs
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a>
<ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li>
<li>Cannabis
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hallucinogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hallucinogens" title="Template:Hallucinogens"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hallucinogens" title="Template talk:Hallucinogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hallucinogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hallucinogens"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hallucinogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a><br />agonists)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran" title="Substituted benzofuran">Benzofurans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-FLY" title="2C-B-FLY">2C-B-FLY</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe" title="2CBFly-NBOMe">2CBFly-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-BFE" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-BFE">5-MeO-BFE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiBF" title="5-MeO-DiBF">5-MeO-DiBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY" title="Bromo-DragonFLY">Bromo-DragonFLY</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F-2_(drug)" title="F-2 (drug)">F-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F-22_(psychedelic)" title="F-22 (psychedelic)">F-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TFMFly" title="TFMFly">TFMFly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysergamides" title="Lysergamides">Lyserg‐<br />amides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1B-LSD" title="1B-LSD">1B-LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1cP-LSD" title="1cP-LSD">1cP-LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1P-ETH-LAD" title="1P-ETH-LAD">1P-ETH-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1P-LSD" title="1P-LSD">1P-LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1cP-AL-LAD" title="1cP-AL-LAD">1cP-AL-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1cP-MiPLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1cP-MiPLA (page does not exist)">1cP-MiPLA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1V-LSD" title="1V-LSD">1V-LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">2-Butyllysergamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">3-Pentyllysergamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AL-LAD" title="AL-LAD">AL-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BU-LAD" title="BU-LAD">BU-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diallyllysergamide" title="Diallyllysergamide">Diallyllysergamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyllysergamide" title="Dimethyllysergamide">Dimethyllysergamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ECPLA" title="ECPLA">ECPLA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">Ergometrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ETH-LAD" title="ETH-LAD">ETH-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IP-LAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IP-LAD">IP-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LAE-32" title="LAE-32">LAE-32</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LAMPA" title="LAMPA">LAMPA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LPD-824" title="LPD-824">LPD-824</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LSM-775" title="LSM-775">LSM-775</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LSZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">Methylergometrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylisopropyllysergamide" title="Methylisopropyllysergamide">MIPLA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">Methysergide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N1-Methyl-lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="N1-Methyl-lysergic acid diethylamide">MLD-41</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PARGY-LAD" title="PARGY-LAD">PARGY-LAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PRO-LAD" title="PRO-LAD">PRO-LAD</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethyl‐<br />amines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2C-x" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C-<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-AN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-AN (page does not exist)">2C-B-AN</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bn (page does not exist)">2C-Bn</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bu (page does not exist)">2C-Bu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-C" title="2C-C">2C-C</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-CN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-CN (page does not exist)">2C-CN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-CP" title="2C-CP">2C-CP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-D" title="2C-D">2C-D</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-EF" title="2C-EF">2C-EF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-F" title="2C-F">2C-F</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G" title="2C-G">2C-G</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-1">2C-G-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-2" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-2">2C-G-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-3" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-3">2C-G-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-4" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-4">2C-G-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-5" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-5">2C-G-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-6" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-6">2C-G-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-N" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-N">2C-G-N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-H" title="2C-H">2C-H</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-iP" title="2C-iP">2C-iP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-N" title="2C-N">2C-N</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-NH2 (page does not exist)">2C-NH2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-O" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-O">2C-O</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-O-4" title="2C-O-4">2C-O-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-P" title="2C-P">2C-P</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Ph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Ph (page does not exist)">2C-Ph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-SE" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-SE">2C-SE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T" title="2C-T">2C-T</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-3" title="2C-T-3">2C-T-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-4" title="2C-T-4">2C-T-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-6 (page does not exist)">2C-T-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-8" title="2C-T-8">2C-T-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-9" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-T-9">2C-T-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-10 (page does not exist)">2C-T-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-11 (page does not exist)">2C-T-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-12 (page does not exist)">2C-T-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-13" title="2C-T-13">2C-T-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-14 (page does not exist)">2C-T-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-15" title="2C-T-15">2C-T-15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-16" title="2C-T-16">2C-T-16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-17" title="2C-T-17">2C-T-17</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-18 (page does not exist)">2C-T-18</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-19" title="2C-T-19">2C-T-19</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-20 (page does not exist)">2C-T-20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22.5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22.5</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-23 (page does not exist)">2C-T-23</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-24 (page does not exist)">2C-T-24</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-25 (page does not exist)">2C-T-25</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-27 (page does not exist)">2C-T-27</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-28" title="2C-T-28">2C-T-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-30 (page does not exist)">2C-T-30</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-31 (page does not exist)">2C-T-31</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-32 (page does not exist)">2C-T-32</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-33 (page does not exist)">2C-T-33</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFE" title="2C-TFE">2C-TFE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFM" title="2C-TFM">2C-TFM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-YN" title="2C-YN">2C-YN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2C-V" title="2C-V">2C-V</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/25-NB" title="25-NB">25<i>x</i>-NB<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl">NB</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/25B-NB" class="mw-redirect" title="25B-NB">25B-NB</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25C-NB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25C-NB (page does not exist)">25C-NB</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; 3OMe: 3-methoxy">NB3OMe</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25B-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25C-NB3OMe" title="25C-NB3OMe">25C-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25D-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25D-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25D-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25E-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25E-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25E-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25H-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25H-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25H-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NB3OMe" title="25I-NB3OMe">25I-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25N-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25N-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25N-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25P-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25P-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25P-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25T2-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T4-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T4-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25T4-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T7-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T7-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25T7-NB3OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25TFM-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25TFM-NB3OMe (page does not exist)">25TFM-NB3OMe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; 4OMe: 4-methoxy">NB4OMe</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25B-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25C-NB4OMe" title="25C-NB4OMe">25C-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25D-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25D-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25D-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25E-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25E-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25E-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25H-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25H-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25H-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NB4OMe" title="25I-NB4OMe">25I-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25N-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25N-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25N-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25P-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25P-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25P-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25T2-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T4-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T4-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25T4-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T7-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T7-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25T7-NB4OMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25TFM-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25TFM-NB4OMe (page does not exist)">25TFM-NB4OMe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; F: fluoro">NBF</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/25B-NBF" title="25B-NBF">25B-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBF" title="25C-NBF">25C-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25D-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25D-NBF (page does not exist)">25D-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25E-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25E-NBF (page does not exist)">25E-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25H-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25H-NBF (page does not exist)">25H-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBF" title="25I-NBF">25I-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25P-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25P-NBF (page does not exist)">25P-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NBF (page does not exist)">25T2-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T7-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T7-NBF (page does not exist)">25T7-NBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25TFM-NBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25TFM-NBF (page does not exist)">25TFM-NBF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; MD: methylenedioxy">NBMD</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NBMD (page does not exist)">25B-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25C-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25C-NBMD (page does not exist)">25C-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25D-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25D-NBMD (page does not exist)">25D-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25E-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25E-NBMD (page does not exist)">25E-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25F-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25F-NBMD (page does not exist)">25F-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25H-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25H-NBMD (page does not exist)">25H-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBMD" title="25I-NBMD">25I-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25P-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25P-NBMD (page does not exist)">25P-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NBMD (page does not exist)">25T2-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T7-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T7-NBMD (page does not exist)">25T7-NBMD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25TFM-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25TFM-NBMD (page does not exist)">25TFM-NBMD</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; OH: hydroxy">NBOH</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/25B-NBOH" title="25B-NBOH">25B-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBOH" title="25C-NBOH">25C-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25CN-NBOH" title="25CN-NBOH">25CN-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25D-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25D-NBOH (page does not exist)">25D-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25E-NBOH" title="25E-NBOH">25E-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25F-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25F-NBOH (page does not exist)">25F-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25H-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25H-NBOH (page does not exist)">25H-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBOH" title="25I-NBOH">25I-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25P-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25P-NBOH (page does not exist)">25P-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NBOH (page does not exist)">25T2-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T7-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T7-NBOH (page does not exist)">25T7-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25TFM-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25TFM-NBOH (page does not exist)">25TFM-NBOH</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-<abbr title="NB: N-benzyl; OMe: methoxy">NBOMe</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25CN-NBOMe" title="25CN-NBOMe">25CN-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25D-NBOMe" title="25D-NBOMe">25D-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25E-NBOMe" title="25E-NBOMe">25E-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25F-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25F-NBOMe (page does not exist)">25F-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25G-NBOMe" title="25G-NBOMe">25G-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25H-NBOMe" title="25H-NBOMe">25H-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25iP-NBOMe" title="25iP-NBOMe">25iP-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25N-NBOMe" title="25N-NBOMe">25N-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25P-NBOMe" title="25P-NBOMe">25P-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T-NBOMe (page does not exist)">25T-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T2-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T2-NBOMe (page does not exist)">25T2-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25T4-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25T4-NBOMe (page does not exist)">25T4-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25T7-NBOMe" title="25T7-NBOMe">25T7-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25TFM-NBOMe" title="25TFM-NBOMe">25TFM-NBOMe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atypical structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-N1POMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-N1POMe (page does not exist)">25B-N1POMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NAcPip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NAcPip (page does not exist)">25B-NAcPip</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NB23DM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NB23DM (page does not exist)">25B-NB23DM</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NB25DM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NB25DM (page does not exist)">25B-NB25DM</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25C-NBCl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25C-NBCl (page does not exist)">25C-NBCl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25C-NBOEt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25C-NBOEt (page does not exist)">25C-NBOEt</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25C-NBOiPr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25C-NBOiPr (page does not exist)">25C-NBOiPr</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-N2Nap1OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-N2Nap1OH (page does not exist)">25I-N2Nap1OH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-N3MT2M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-N3MT2M (page does not exist)">25I-N3MT2M</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-N4MT3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-N4MT3M (page does not exist)">25I-N4MT3M</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/25I-NB34MD" title="25I-NB34MD">25I-NB34MD</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NBAm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NBAm (page does not exist)">25I-NBAm</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NBBr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NBBr (page does not exist)">25I-NBBr</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NBMeOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NBMeOH (page does not exist)">25I-NBMeOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NBTFM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NBTFM (page does not exist)">25I-NBTFM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2CBCB-NBOMe" title="2CBCB-NBOMe">2CBCB-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe" title="2CBFly-NBOMe">2CBFly-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-EA-NBOMe" title="4-EA-NBOMe">4-EA-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-APB-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-APB-NBOMe (page does not exist)">5-APB-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5MT-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5MT-NBOMe (page does not exist)">5MT-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C30-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C30-NBOMe (page does not exist)">C30-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOB-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOB-NBOMe (page does not exist)">DOB-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI-NBOMe (page does not exist)">DOI-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FECIMBI-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FECIMBI-36 (page does not exist)">FECIMBI-36</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDPEA-NBOMe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDPEA-NBOMe (page does not exist)">MDPEA-NBOMe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-2C-B" title="N-Ethyl-2C-B">N-Ethyl-2C-B</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NBOMe-escaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NBOMe-escaline (page does not exist)">NBOMe-escaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NBOMe-mescaline" title="NBOMe-mescaline">NBOMe-mescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ZDCM-04" title="ZDCM-04">ZDCM-04</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">25<i>x</i>-NM<i>x</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7BF (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7BF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7BT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7BT (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7BT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Bim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7Bim (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7Bim</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7Box (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7Box</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7DHBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7DHBF (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7DHBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Ind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7Ind (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7Ind</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Indz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMe7Indz (page does not exist)">25B-NMe7Indz</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25B-NMePyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25B-NMePyr (page does not exist)">25B-NMePyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NMe7DHBF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NMe7DHBF (page does not exist)">25I-NMe7DHBF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NMeFur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NMeFur (page does not exist)">25I-NMeFur</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NMeTHF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NMeTHF (page does not exist)">25I-NMeTHF</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25I-NMeTh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25I-NMeTh (page does not exist)">25I-NMeTh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/N-(2C)-fentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="N-(2C)-fentanyl">N-(2C)-fentanyl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-B)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-B) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-B) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-C)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-C) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-C) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-D)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-D) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-D) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-E)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-E) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-E) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-G)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-G) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-G) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-H)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-H) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-H) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-I)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-I) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-I) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-IP)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-IP) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-IP) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-N)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-N) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-N) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-P)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-P) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-P) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-T)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-T) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-T) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-T-2)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-T-2) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-T-2) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-T-4)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-T-4) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-T-4) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-T-7)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-T-7) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-T-7) fentanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-TFM)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(2C-TFM) fentanyl (page does not exist)">N-(2C-TFM) fentanyl</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3C-<i>x</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/3C-AL" title="3C-AL">3C-AL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3C-BZ" title="3C-BZ">3C-BZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3C-DFE" title="3C-DFE">3C-DFE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3C-E" title="3C-E">3C-E</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3C-MAL" title="3C-MAL">3C-MAL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3C-P" title="3C-P">3C-P</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4C-<i>x</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4C-B" title="4C-B">4C-B</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4C-C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4C-C (page does not exist)">4C-C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4C-D" class="mw-redirect" title="4C-D">4C-D</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4C-E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4C-E (page does not exist)">4C-E</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4C-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4C-I (page does not exist)">4C-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4C-N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4C-N (page does not exist)">4C-N</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4C-P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4C-P (page does not exist)">4C-P</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4C-T-2" title="4C-T-2">4C-T-2</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DO<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(psychedelic)" title="Aleph (psychedelic)">DOT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine">DOEF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine">DOET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine">DOF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine">DOiPR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine">DON</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine">DOPR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine">DOTFM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine">MEM</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HOT-<i>x</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/HOT-2" title="HOT-2">HOT-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HOT-7" title="HOT-7">HOT-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HOT-17" title="HOT-17">HOT-17</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MD<em>xx</em></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMMDA" title="DMMDA">DMMDA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine">DMMDA-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDAI" title="MDAI">MDAI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDBZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MDBZ">MDBZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MMDA-2" title="MMDA-2">MMDA-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MMDA-3a" class="mw-redirect" title="MMDA-3a">MMDA-3a</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mescaline (subst.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Bromomescaline" title="2-Bromomescaline">2-Bromomescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thioescaline" title="Thioescaline">3-TE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thioescaline" title="Thioescaline">4-TE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiomescaline" title="Thiomescaline">3-TM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiomescaline" title="Thiomescaline">4-TM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allylescaline" title="Allylescaline">Allylescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asymbescaline" title="Asymbescaline">Asymbescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buscaline" title="Buscaline">Buscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropylmescaline" title="Cyclopropylmescaline">Cyclopropylmescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoromescaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoromescaline (page does not exist)">Difluoromescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoroescaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoroescaline (page does not exist)">Difluoroescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Escaline" title="Escaline">Escaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoroproscaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoroproscaline (page does not exist)">Fluoroproscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobuscaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobuscaline (page does not exist)">Isobuscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isoproscaline" title="Isoproscaline">Isoproscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimscaline" title="Jimscaline">Jimscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaescaline" title="Metaescaline">Metaescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methallylescaline" title="Methallylescaline">Methallylescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proscaline" title="Proscaline">Proscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thioproscaline" title="Thioproscaline">Thioproscaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifluoroescaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifluoroescaline (page does not exist)">Trifluoroescaline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromescaline" title="Trifluoromescaline">Trifluoromescaline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine" title="Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>TMA</li>
<li>TMA-2</li>
<li>TMA-3</li>
<li>TMA-4</li>
<li>TMA-5</li>
<li>TMA-6</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-BUTTERFLY" title="2C-B-BUTTERFLY">2C-B-BUTTERFLY</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-DragonFLY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-DragonFLY (page does not exist)">2C-B-DragonFLY</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH (page does not exist)">2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl (page does not exist)">2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2CB-5-hemifly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2CB-5-hemifly (page does not exist)">2CB-5-hemifly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2CB-Ind" title="2CB-Ind">2CB-Ind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2CD-5EtO" title="2CD-5EtO">2CD-5EtO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TOET_(psychedelic)#2-TOET" title="TOET (psychedelic)">2-TOET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TOET_(psychedelic)#5-TOET" title="TOET (psychedelic)">5-TOET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TOM_(psychedelic)" title="TOM (psychedelic)">2-TOM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TOM_(psychedelic)" title="TOM (psychedelic)">5-TOM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BOB_(psychedelic)" title="BOB (psychedelic)">BOB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BOD_(psychedelic)" title="BOD (psychedelic)">BOD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92k-2C-B" title="Βk-2C-B">βk-2C-B</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92k-2C-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Βk-2C-I (page does not exist)">βk-2C-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DESOXY" title="DESOXY">DESOXY</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine">DMCPA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DMBMPP" title="DMBMPP">DMBMPP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DOB-FLY" title="DOB-FLY">DOB-FLY</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_(psychedelic)" title="Ganesha (psychedelic)">Ganesha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macromerine" title="Macromerine">Macromerine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TOMSO" title="TOMSO">TOMSO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_piperazine" title="Substituted piperazine">Piperazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-PP" title="2C-B-PP">2C-B-PP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine">pFPP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine"><i>alpha</i>-alkyltryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL-37350A" title="AL-37350A">4,5-DHP-α-MT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AET" title="5-MeO-AET">5-MeO-α-ET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-aMT" title="5-MeO-aMT">5-MeO-α-MT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">α-ET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">α-MT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N,N-Diallyltryptamine">DALT</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-HO-DALT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-HO-DALT (page does not exist)">(Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-AcO-DALT" title="4-AcO-DALT">(Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DALT" title="DALT">DALT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N,N-Diethyltryptamine">DET</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Acetoxy-DET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Acetoxy-DET">(Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-DET" title="4-HO-DET">(Ethocin) 4-HO-DET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DET" title="5-MeO-DET">5-MeO-DET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">(T-9) DET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethocybin" title="Ethocybin">(Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Acetoxy-DiPT" title="4-Acetoxy-DiPT">(Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-DiPT" title="4-HO-DiPT">(Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole">4,5-DHP-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2,N,N-TMT" title="2,N,N-TMT">2,N,N-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/O-Acetylpsilocin" title="O-Acetylpsilocin">4-AcO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxy-5-methoxydimethyltryptamine" title="4-Hydroxy-5-methoxydimethyltryptamine">4-HO-5-MeO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,N,N-TMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,N,N-TMT (page does not exist)">4,N,N-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-Propionyloxy-DMT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Propionyloxy-DMT">4-Propionyloxy-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-diBr-DMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-diBr-DMT (page does not exist)">5,6-diBr-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-AcO-DMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-AcO-DMT">5-AcO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-Bromo-DMT" title="5-Bromo-DMT">5-Bromo-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Indapex)_5-MeO-2-TMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Indapex) 5-MeO-2-TMT (page does not exist)">5-MeO-2,<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT (page does not exist)">5-MeO-4,<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-MeO-%CE%B1,N,N-TMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT (page does not exist)">5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5,N,N-TMT" title="5,N,N-TMT">5-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/7,N,N-TMT" title="7,N,N-TMT">7,N,N-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-N,N-Trimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-N,N-Trimethyltryptamine">α,N,N-TMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">(Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norbaeocystin" title="Norbaeocystin">Norbaeocystin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">(Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">(Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Acetoxy-DPT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Acetoxy-DPT (page does not exist)">(Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-DPT" title="4-HO-DPT">(Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DPT" title="5-MeO-DPT">5-MeO-DPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">(The Light) DPT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ibogaine-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylaminocoronaridine" title="18-Methylaminocoronaridine">18-MAC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate" title="2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate">ME-18-MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voacangine" title="Voacangine">Voacangine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine">MET</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-MET" title="4-HO-MET">(Metocin) 4-HO-MET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-AcO-MET" title="4-AcO-MET">(Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-MET" title="5-MeO-MET">5-MeO-MET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine" title="N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine">MET</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>x</i>-<abbr title="N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine">MiPT</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Acetoxy-MiPT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Acetoxy-MiPT">(Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-MiPT" title="4-HO-MiPT">(Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5,N-Dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5,N-Dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptamine">5-Me-MiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-MiPT" title="5-MeO-MiPT">(Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylisopropyltryptamine">MiPT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-DBT" title="4-HO-DBT">4-HO-DBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-EPT" title="4-HO-EPT">4-HO-EPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-McPT" title="4-HO-McPT">4-HO-McPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-MPMI" title="4-HO-MPMI">(Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-MPT" title="4-HO-MPT">(Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-EiPT" title="5-MeO-EiPT">5-MeO-EiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-MALT" title="5-MeO-MALT">5-MeO-MALT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-MPMI" title="5-MeO-MPMI">5-MeO-MPMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeruginascin" title="Aeruginascin">Aeruginascin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baeocystin" title="Baeocystin">Baeocystin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyltryptamine" title="Dibutyltryptamine">DBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicyclopropyltryptamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicyclopropyltryptamine (page does not exist)">DCPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylisopropyltryptamine" title="Ethylisopropyltryptamine">EiPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylpropyltryptamine" title="Ethylpropyltryptamine">EPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylpropyltryptamine" title="Methylpropyltryptamine">MPT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propylisopropyltryptamine" title="Propylisopropyltryptamine">PiPT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL-38022A" title="AL-38022A">AL-38022A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALPHA_(psychedelic)" title="ALPHA (psychedelic)">ALPHA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M-ALPHA" class="mw-redirect" title="M-ALPHA">M-ALPHA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RH-34" title="RH-34">RH-34</a><br /><small>Also <a href="/wiki/Empathogen-entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen-entactogen">empathogens</a> in general (e. g.: <a href="/wiki/5-APB" title="5-APB">5-APB</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MAPB" title="5-MAPB">5-MAPB</a>, <a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran" title="Substituted benzofuran">substituted benzofurans</a>).</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDAR</a><br /><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">antagonists</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclo‐<br />hexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ketamine-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluorodeschloroketamine" title="2-Fluorodeschloroketamine">2-Fluorodeschloroketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a> ((R)-ketamine)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deschloroketamine" title="Deschloroketamine">Deschloroketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethketamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethketamine">Ethketamine</a> (N-Ethylnorketamine)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a> ((S)-ketamine)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxmetamine" title="Methoxmetamine">Methoxmetamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyketamine" title="Methoxyketamine">Methoxyketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MXiPr" class="mw-redirect" title="MXiPr">MXiPr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PCP-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%27-Oxo-PCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2'-Oxo-PCE">2'-Oxo-PCE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BDPC" title="BDPC">BDPC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a> (PCDE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a> (PCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a> (PCP)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a> (PCPy)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a> (TCP)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTCP" class="mw-redirect" title="BTCP">BTCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PRE-084" title="PRE-084">PRE-084</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">Adamantanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diarylethylamines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphinan" title="Morphinan">Morphinans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-EMSB" class="mw-redirect" title="2-EMSB">2-EMSB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/8A-PDHQ" title="8A-PDHQ">8A-PDHQ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">mAChR</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">antagonists</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">Benactyzine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BRN-1484501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRN-1484501 (page does not exist)">BRN-1484501</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,368 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,368</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,537 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,537</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">Cyclizine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloverine" title="Dicycloverine">Dicycloverine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">Ditran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavoxate" title="Flavoxate">Flavoxate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-318</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-336</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meclozine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meclozine">Meclozine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxybutynin" title="Oxybutynin">Oxybutynin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Procyclidine" title="Procyclidine">Procyclidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl" title="Trihexyphenidyl">Trihexyphenidyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">Triprolidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WIN-2299" title="WIN-2299">WIN-2299</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB<sub>1</sub></a> agonists)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytocannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytocannabinoids">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC (Dronabinol)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THCV" class="mw-redirect" title="THCV">THCV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids" title="List of AM cannabinoids">AM-<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM-087" title="AM-087">AM-087</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM251" class="mw-redirect" title="AM251">AM-251</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-279_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-279 (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">AM-279</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-281_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-281 (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">AM-281</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-356_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-356 (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">AM-356</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-374_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-374 (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">AM-374</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-381_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-381 (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">AM-381</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-404" class="mw-redirect" title="AM-404">AM-404</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-411" title="AM-411">AM-411</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-630" title="AM-630">AM-630</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-661&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-661 (page does not exist)">AM-661</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-678" class="mw-redirect" title="AM-678">AM-678</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-679_(cannabinoid)" title="AM-679 (cannabinoid)">AM-679</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-694" title="AM-694">AM-694</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-735 (page does not exist)">AM-735</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-855" title="AM-855">AM-855</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-881 (page does not exist)">AM-881</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-883 (page does not exist)">AM-883</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-905" title="AM-905">AM-905</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-906" title="AM-906">AM-906</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-919" title="AM-919">AM-919</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-926" class="mw-redirect" title="AM-926">AM-926</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-938" title="AM-938">AM-938</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-1116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-1116 (page does not exist)">AM-1116</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-1172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-1172 (page does not exist)">AM-1172</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1220" title="AM-1220">AM-1220</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1221" title="AM-1221">AM-1221</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1235" title="AM-1235">AM-1235</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1241" title="AM-1241">AM-1241</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1248" title="AM-1248">AM-1248</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-1710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-1710 (page does not exist)">AM-1710</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-1714" title="AM-1714">AM-1714</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-1902&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-1902 (page does not exist)">AM-1902</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-2201" title="AM-2201">AM-2201</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-2212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-2212 (page does not exist)">AM-2212</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-2213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-2213 (page does not exist)">AM-2213</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-2232" title="AM-2232">AM-2232</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-2233" title="AM-2233">AM-2233</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-2389" title="AM-2389">AM-2389</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-3102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-3102 (page does not exist)">AM-3102</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-4030" title="AM-4030">AM-4030</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-4054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-4054 (page does not exist)">AM-4054</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-4056" class="mw-redirect" title="AM-4056">AM-4056</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM-4113&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM-4113 (page does not exist)">AM-4113</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AM-6545" title="AM-6545">AM-6545</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids" title="List of CP cannabinoids">CP <i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_47,497" title="CP 47,497">CP 47,497</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,244" title="CP 55,244">CP 55,244</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,940" title="CP 55,940">CP 55,940</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(%C2%B1)-CP_55,940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(±)-CP 55,940 (page does not exist)">(±)-CP 55,940</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(%2B)-CP_55,940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(+)-CP 55,940 (page does not exist)">(+)-CP 55,940</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(-)-CP_55,940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(-)-CP 55,940 (page does not exist)">(-)-CP 55,940</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids" title="List of HU cannabinoids">HU-<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/HU-210" title="HU-210">HU-210</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-211" class="mw-redirect" title="HU-211">HU-211</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-239" class="mw-redirect" title="HU-239">HU-239</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-243" title="HU-243">HU-243</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-308" class="mw-redirect" title="HU-308">HU-308</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-320" title="HU-320">HU-320</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-331" title="HU-331">HU-331</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-336" title="HU-336">HU-336</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HU-345" title="HU-345">HU-345</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids" title="List of JWH cannabinoids">JWH-<i>x</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-007" title="JWH-007">JWH-007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-015" title="JWH-015">JWH-015</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-019" title="JWH-019">JWH-019</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-030" title="JWH-030">JWH-030</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-047" title="JWH-047">JWH-047</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-048" title="JWH-048">JWH-048</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-051" title="JWH-051">JWH-051</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-057" title="JWH-057">JWH-057</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-073" title="JWH-073">JWH-073</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-081" title="JWH-081">JWH-081</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-098" title="JWH-098">JWH-098</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-116" title="JWH-116">JWH-116</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-120" title="JWH-120">JWH-120</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-122" title="JWH-122">JWH-122</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-133" title="JWH-133">JWH-133</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-139&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-139 (page does not exist)">JWH-139</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-147" title="JWH-147">JWH-147</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-148" title="JWH-148">JWH-148</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-149" title="JWH-149">JWH-149</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-149" title="JWH-149">JWH-149</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-161" title="JWH-161">JWH-161</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-164" title="JWH-164">JWH-164</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-166 (page does not exist)">JWH-166</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-167" title="JWH-167">JWH-167</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-171" class="mw-redirect" title="JWH-171">JWH-171</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-175" title="JWH-175">JWH-175</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-176" title="JWH-176">JWH-176</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-181&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-181 (page does not exist)">JWH-181</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-182" class="mw-redirect" title="JWH-182">JWH-182</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-184" title="JWH-184">JWH-184</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-185" title="JWH-185">JWH-185</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-192&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-192 (page does not exist)">JWH-192</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-193" title="JWH-193">JWH-193</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-194&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-194 (page does not exist)">JWH-194</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-195&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-195 (page does not exist)">JWH-195</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-196" title="JWH-196">JWH-196</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-197&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-197 (page does not exist)">JWH-197</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-198" title="JWH-198">JWH-198</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-199&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-199 (page does not exist)">JWH-199</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-200" title="JWH-200">JWH-200</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-203" title="JWH-203">JWH-203</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-205&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-205 (page does not exist)">JWH-205</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-210" title="JWH-210">JWH-210</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-210" title="JWH-210">JWH-210</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-213 (page does not exist)">JWH-213</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-220 (page does not exist)">JWH-220</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-229&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-229 (page does not exist)">JWH-229</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-234 (page does not exist)">JWH-234</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-249" title="JWH-249">JWH-249</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-250" title="JWH-250">JWH-250</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-251" title="JWH-251">JWH-251</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-253&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-253 (page does not exist)">JWH-253</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-258 (page does not exist)">JWH-258</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-300&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-300 (page does not exist)">JWH-300</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-302" title="JWH-302">JWH-302</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-307" title="JWH-307">JWH-307</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-336&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-336 (page does not exist)">JWH-336</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-350 (page does not exist)">JWH-350</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-359" title="JWH-359">JWH-359</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JWH-387&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JWH-387 (page does not exist)">JWH-387</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-398" title="JWH-398">JWH-398</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JWH-424" title="JWH-424">JWH-424</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_miscellaneous_designer_cannabinoids" title="List of miscellaneous designer cannabinoids">Misc. designer cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HTMPIPO" title="4-HTMPIPO">4-HTMPIPO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-AB-FUPPYCA" title="5F-AB-FUPPYCA">5F-AB-FUPPYCA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-AB-PINACA" title="5F-AB-PINACA">5F-AB-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-ADB" title="5F-ADB">5F-ADB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-ADB-PINACA" title="5F-ADB-PINACA">5F-ADB-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-ADBICA" title="5F-ADBICA">5F-ADBICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-AMB" title="5F-AMB">5F-AMB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-APINACA" title="5F-APINACA">5F-APINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-CUMYL-PINACA" title="5F-CUMYL-PINACA">5F-CUMYL-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-NNE1" title="5F-NNE1">5F-NNE1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-PB-22" title="5F-PB-22">5F-PB-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/5F-SDB-006" title="5F-SDB-006">5F-SDB-006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A-796,260" title="A-796,260">A-796,260</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A-836,339" title="A-836,339">A-836,339</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-001" title="AB-001">AB-001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-005" title="AB-005">AB-005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-CHFUPYCA" title="AB-CHFUPYCA">AB-CHFUPYCA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-CHMINACA" title="AB-CHMINACA">AB-CHMINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-FUBINACA" title="AB-FUBINACA">AB-FUBINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AB-PINACA" title="AB-PINACA">AB-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADAMANTYL-THPINACA" class="mw-redirect" title="ADAMANTYL-THPINACA">ADAMANTYL-THPINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADB-CHMINACA" title="ADB-CHMINACA">ADB-CHMINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADB-FUBINACA" title="ADB-FUBINACA">ADB-FUBINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADB-PINACA" title="ADB-PINACA">ADB-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADBICA" title="ADBICA">ADBICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADSB-FUB-187" title="ADSB-FUB-187">ADSB-FUB-187</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AMB-FUBINACA" title="AMB-FUBINACA">AMB-FUBINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APP-FUBINACA" title="APP-FUBINACA">APP-FUBINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CB-13" title="CB-13">CB-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CUMYL-PICA" title="CUMYL-PICA">CUMYL-PICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CUMYL-PINACA" title="CUMYL-PINACA">CUMYL-PINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CUMYL-THPINACA" title="CUMYL-THPINACA">CUMYL-THPINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">DMHP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EAM-2201" title="EAM-2201">EAM-2201</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FAB-144" title="FAB-144">FAB-144</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FDU-PB-22" title="FDU-PB-22">FDU-PB-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FUB-144" title="FUB-144">FUB-144</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FUB-APINACA" title="FUB-APINACA">FUB-APINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FUB-JWH-018" title="FUB-JWH-018">FUB-JWH-018</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FUB-PB-22" title="FUB-PB-22">FUB-PB-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FUBIMINA" title="FUBIMINA">FUBIMINA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JTE_7-31" title="JTE 7-31">JTE 7-31</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JTE-907" title="JTE-907">JTE-907</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levonantradol" title="Levonantradol">Levonantradol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA" title="MDMB-CHMICA">MDMB-CHMICA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMINACA" title="MDMB-CHMINACA">MDMB-CHMINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-FUBINACA" title="MDMB-FUBINACA">MDMB-FUBINACA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MEPIRAPIM" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPIRAPIM">MEPIRAPIM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MAM-2201" title="MAM-2201">MAM-2201</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDA-19" title="MDA-19">MDA-19</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MN-18" title="MN-18">MN-18</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MN-25" title="MN-25">MN-25</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NESS-0327" title="NESS-0327">NESS-0327</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NESS-040C5" title="NESS-040C5">NESS-040C5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nabitan" title="Nabitan">Nabitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NM-2201" title="NM-2201">NM-2201</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NNE1" title="NNE1">NNE1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Org_28611" title="Org 28611">Org 28611</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parahexyl" title="Parahexyl">Parahexyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PTI-1" title="PTI-1">PTI-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PTI-2" title="PTI-2">PTI-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PX-1" title="PX-1">PX-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PX-2" title="PX-2">PX-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PX-3" title="PX-3">PX-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QUCHIC" title="QUCHIC">QUCHIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QUPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="QUPIC">QUPIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RCS-4" title="RCS-4">RCS-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RCS-8" title="RCS-8">RCS-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SDB-005" title="SDB-005">SDB-005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SDB-006" title="SDB-006">SDB-006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-135_(drug)" title="STS-135 (drug)">STS-135</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">THC-O-acetate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-phosphate" title="THC-O-phosphate">THC-O-phosphate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THJ-018" title="THJ-018">THJ-018</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THJ-2201" title="THJ-2201">THJ-2201</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UR-144" title="UR-144">UR-144</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XLR-11" title="XLR-11">XLR-11</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D<sub>2</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aporphine" title="Aporphine">Aporphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a><br /><small>Also indirect D<sub>2</sub> agonists, such as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">releasing agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a> (<a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">levodopa</a>).</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a><br />enhancers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a><br /><small>(Mixed <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">MOA</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic hydrocarbons">Aliphatic hydrocarbons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">Aromatic hydrocarbons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">Ethers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">Haloalkanes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κOR</a> <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">2-EMSB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U-69,593" title="U-69,593">U-69,593</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isoaminile" title="Isoaminile">Isoaminile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">Noscapine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prenoxdiazine" title="Prenoxdiazine">Prenoxdiazine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pukateine" title="Pukateine">Pukateine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hallucinogenic_mushrooms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hallucinogenic_mushrooms" title="Template:Hallucinogenic mushrooms"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hallucinogenic_mushrooms" title="Template talk:Hallucinogenic mushrooms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hallucinogenic_mushrooms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hallucinogenic mushrooms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hallucinogenic_mushrooms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_mushroom" title="Hallucinogenic mushroom">Hallucinogenic mushrooms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">mushroom poisoning</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungus_species" title="List of deadly fungus species">list of deadly fungus species</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_fungus_species" title="List of poisonous fungus species">list of poisonous fungus species</a></li></ul></li>
<li>legal status
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">amanita mushrooms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_Amanita_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive Amanita mushroom">Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. muscaria</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria_var._guessowii" title="Amanita muscaria var. guessowii"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. muscaria var. guessowii</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_pantherina" title="Amanita pantherina"><abbr title="Amanita">A</abbr>. pantherina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psilocybin mushrooms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of psilocybin mushrooms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Conocybe" title="Conocybe">Conocybe</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocybe_cyanopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conocybe cyanopus"><abbr title="Conocybe">C</abbr>. cyanopus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocybe_kuehneriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Conocybe kuehneriana"><abbr title="Conocybe">C</abbr>. kuehneriana</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocybe_siligineoides" title="Conocybe siligineoides"><abbr title="Conocybe">C</abbr>. siligineoides</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galerina" title="Galerina">Galerina</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galerina_steglichii" title="Galerina steglichii"><abbr title="Galerina">G</abbr>. steglichii</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus" title="Gymnopilus">Gymnopilus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_aeruginosus" title="Gymnopilus aeruginosus"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. aeruginosus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_braendlei" title="Gymnopilus braendlei"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. braendlei</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_junonius" title="Gymnopilus junonius"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. junonius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_liquiritiae" title="Gymnopilus liquiritiae"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. liquiritiae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_luteofolius" title="Gymnopilus luteofolius"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. luteofolius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_luteoviridis" title="Gymnopilus luteoviridis"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. luteoviridis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_luteus" title="Gymnopilus luteus"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. luteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_purpuratus" title="Gymnopilus purpuratus"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. purpuratus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_sapineus" title="Gymnopilus sapineus"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. sapineus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_validipes" title="Gymnopilus validipes"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. validipes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnopilus_viridans" title="Gymnopilus viridans"><abbr title="Gymnopilus">G</abbr>. viridans</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe" title="Inocybe">Inocybe</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe_aeruginascens" title="Inocybe aeruginascens"><abbr title="Inocybe">I</abbr>. aeruginascens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe_corydalina_var._corydalina" title="Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina"><abbr title="Inocybe">I</abbr>. corydalina var. corydalina</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Inocybe_tricolor" title="Inocybe tricolor"><abbr title="Inocybe">I</abbr>. tricolor</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mycena" title="Mycena">Mycena</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycena_cyanorrhiza" title="Mycena cyanorrhiza"><abbr title="Mycena">M</abbr>. cyanorrhiza</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycena_pura" title="Mycena pura"><abbr title="Mycena">M</abbr>. pura</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus" title="Panaeolus">Panaeolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_africanus" title="Panaeolus africanus"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. africanus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_bisporus" title="Panaeolus bisporus"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. bisporus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_cambodginiensis" title="Panaeolus cambodginiensis"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. cambodginiensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_cinctulus" title="Panaeolus cinctulus"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. cinctulus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_cyanescens" title="Panaeolus cyanescens"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. cyanescens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_fimicola" title="Panaeolus fimicola"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. fimicola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_olivaceus" title="Panaeolus olivaceus"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. olivaceus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus_tropicalis" title="Panaeolus tropicalis"><abbr title="Panaeolus">P</abbr>. tropicalis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pholiotina" title="Pholiotina">Pholiotina</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholiotina_cyanopus" title="Pholiotina cyanopus"><abbr title="Pholiotina">P</abbr>. cyanopus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholiotina_smithii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholiotina smithii"><abbr title="Pholiotina">P</abbr>. smithii</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus" title="Pluteus">Pluteus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_americanus" title="Pluteus americanus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. americanus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_brunneidiscus" title="Pluteus brunneidiscus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. brunneidiscus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_cyanopus" title="Pluteus cyanopus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. cyanopus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_glaucus" title="Pluteus glaucus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. glaucus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_nigroviridis" title="Pluteus nigroviridis"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. nigroviridis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_phaeocyanopus" title="Pluteus phaeocyanopus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. phaeocyanopus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_salicinus" title="Pluteus salicinus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. salicinus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus_villosus" title="Pluteus villosus"><abbr title="Pluteus">P</abbr>. villosus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_allenii" title="Psilocybe allenii"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. allenii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_atlantis" title="Psilocybe atlantis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. atlantis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_aucklandiae" title="Psilocybe aucklandiae"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. aucklandiae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_aztecorum" title="Psilocybe aztecorum"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. aztecorum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_azurescens" title="Psilocybe azurescens"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. azurescens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_baeocystis" title="Psilocybe baeocystis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. baeocystis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_banderillensis" title="Psilocybe banderillensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. banderillensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_caerulescens_var._caerulescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. caerulescens var. caerulescens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_caerulipes" title="Psilocybe caerulipes"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. caerulipes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. cubensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cyanescens" title="Psilocybe cyanescens"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. cyanescens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cyanofibrillosa" title="Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. cyanofibrillosa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_fimetaria" title="Psilocybe fimetaria"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. fimetaria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_graveolens" title="Psilocybe graveolens"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. graveolens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_hispanica" title="Psilocybe hispanica"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. hispanica</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_hoogshagenii" title="Psilocybe hoogshagenii"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. hoogshagenii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_liniformans_var._americana" title="Psilocybe liniformans var. americana"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. liniformans var. americana</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_makarorae" title="Psilocybe makarorae"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. makarorae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_meridionalis" title="Psilocybe meridionalis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. meridionalis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mescaleroensis" title="Psilocybe mescaleroensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. mescaleroensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mexicana" title="Psilocybe mexicana"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. mexicana</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_ovoideocystidiata" title="Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. ovoideocystidiata</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_pelliculosa" title="Psilocybe pelliculosa"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. pelliculosa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_plutonia" title="Psilocybe plutonia"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. plutonia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_quebecensis" title="Psilocybe quebecensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. quebecensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_samuiensis" title="Psilocybe samuiensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. samuiensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_semilanceata" title="Psilocybe semilanceata"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. semilanceata</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_silvatica" title="Psilocybe silvatica"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. silvatica</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_strictipes" title="Psilocybe strictipes"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. strictipes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_stuntzii" title="Psilocybe stuntzii"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. stuntzii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_subaeruginascens" title="Psilocybe subaeruginascens"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. subaeruginascens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_subaeruginosa" title="Psilocybe subaeruginosa"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. subaeruginosa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_tampanensis" title="Psilocybe tampanensis"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. tampanensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_villarrealiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilocybe villarrealiae"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. villarrealiae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_weraroa" title="Psilocybe weraroa"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. weraroa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_zapotecorum" title="Psilocybe zapotecorum"><abbr title="Psilocybe">P</abbr>. zapotecorum</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Champignons hallucinogènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122272086">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Champignons hallucinogènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122272086">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553191505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mushrooms, Hallucinogenic"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088759">United States</a></span></span></li></ul>
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